DePaul University Via Sapientiae College of Science and Health Theses and Dissertations College of Science and Health Winter 3-19-2018 Variation in Emotion Eliciting Events and Display Rules as a Function of Individualism and Collectivism: A Cross Cultural Comparison of Pakistanis and Americans Serah Saleem Fatani DePaul University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/csh_etd Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Fatani, Serah Saleem, "Variation in Emotion Eliciting Events and Display Rules as a Function of Individualism and Collectivism: A Cross Cultural Comparison of Pakistanis and Americans" (2018). College of Science and Health Theses and Dissertations. 252. https://via.library.depaul.edu/csh_etd/252 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Science and Health at Via Sapientiae. It has been accepted for inclusion in College of Science and Health Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Via Sapientiae. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Variation in Emotion Eliciting Events and Display Rules as a Function of Individualism and Collectivism: A Cross Cultural Comparison of Pakistanis and Americans A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Serah Saleem Fatani February, 2018 Department of Psychology College of Science and Health DePaul University Chicago, Illinois ii Dissertation Committee Linda Camras, Ph.D., Chairperson Bernadette Sanchez, Ph.D. Midge Wilson, Ph.D. Leah Bryant, Ph.D. Trina Davis, Ph.D. iii Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my dissertation chairperson, Linda Camras, and committee members, Midge Wilson and Bernadette Sanchez. I would also like to thank all the participants who completed surveys and helped inform participants about the opportunity to participate in this study. iv Biography The author was born on October 30, 1976 in Harvey, Illinois. She graduated from Redlands High School in Redlands, California in 1994. In 1998, she received a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Psychology from the University of California at Riverside before moving on to earn a Master of Arts Degree in Research Psychology from California State University at Fullerton in 2001. v Table of Contents Dissertation Committee .......................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ iii Biography ............................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .................................................................................................... v List of Tables .......................................................................................................... x Abstract .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 Problem Statement .................................................................................................. 3 Literature Review ................................................................................................... 4 Universal Emotions and Emotional Expression ................................................. 4 Cultural specificity within universality ........................................................... 5 Beyond universality ...................................................................................... 10 Dimensions of Cultural Variability ................................................................... 11 Research on the concept of individualism and collectivism ......................... 14 Individualism and collectivism defined ........................................................ 17 Measuring individualism and collectivism ................................................... 19 The Link between Culture and Emotion ........................................................... 21 Emotional response to an identical event...................................................... 22 The Concept of Emotional Display Rules ........................................................ 28 vi Display rule research..................................................................................... 30 Gender and display rules ............................................................................... 44 Religion: The Forgotten Dimension ................................................................. 48 Islam. ............................................................................................................. 49 Pakistan: A Country Profile .............................................................................. 54 Rationale ............................................................................................................... 58 Statement of Hypotheses and Research Questions ............................................... 61 Hypotheses ........................................................................................................ 61 Optional Hypothesis and Research Questions .................................................. 63 CHAPTER II METHODS .................................................................................... 66 Research Participants ........................................................................................ 66 Measures ........................................................................................................... 74 Demographics questionnaire. ........................................................................ 74 Religiosity survey. ........................................................................................ 74 Individualism-Collectivism inventory. ......................................................... 75 Story production task. ................................................................................... 76 Display rule data. .......................................................................................... 77 Procedures ......................................................................................................... 77 Data Processing and Scoring ............................................................................ 78 Demographic data. ........................................................................................ 78 Individualism-Collectivism inventory. ......................................................... 79 Religiosity. .................................................................................................... 80 vii Story production............................................. 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Display rule data. .......................................................................................... 83 Confidentiality, Data Storage, and Transportation ........................................... 83 CHAPTER III RESULTS ..................................................................................... 84 Hypotheses I, Ia, Ib, and Research Question One ............................................ 84 Hypothesis 1a Values Domain ...................................................................... 85 Hypothesis 1a Behavior Domain .................................................................. 89 Hypothesis Ib ICIAI Subscale Analysis ....................................................... 93 Hypotheses II and III ...................................................................................... 100 Another look. .............................................................................................. 102 Drilling down by story interactant. ............................................................. 103 Hypothesis IV ................................................................................................. 106 Research Question Two .............................................................................. 109 Hypothesis V: The Religiosity Scale .............................................................. 118 Validity ....................................................................................................... 119 Reliability .................................................................................................... 123 CHAPTER IV. DISCUSSION ........................................................................... 124 Major Findings and Discussion for Hypothesis Ia and Research Question One ........................................................................................................................ 126 Values. ........................................................................................................ 127 Behaviors. ................................................................................................... 127 Discussion of Hypothesis Ia and Research Question One .............................. 128 Major Findings and Discussion for Hypothesis Ib ......................................... 131 viii Major Findings and Discussion for Hypotheses II and III .............................. 133 Sadness ........................................................................................................ 133 Happiness .................................................................................................... 135 Anger..........................................................................................................