A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/125872 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications Recasting Rights in the Caribbean: The Politics of the Barbadian Flyingfish Fishery by Lisa Kamille Soares A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Politics and International Studies University of Warwick, Department of Politics and International Studies September 2018 Table of Contents List of Tables and Illustrations .................................................................................................. vi Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... ix Declaration ................................................................................................................................... xi List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. xii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................xiii Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 Research Aims and Approach............................................................................................ 3 Key Findings ........................................................................................................................ 6 Main Research Contributions ............................................................................................ 7 Chapter Outline ................................................................................................................. 10 Chapter 2: Theories of Maritime Governance ................................................................. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 14 1. Understanding Governance and Rights in the Fisheries Literature ................... 15 1.1. Top Down vs. Bottom Up Governance .......................................................... 15 1.2. The Evolution of Property Rights for Fisheries ............................................. 19 2. Hardin’s Law and Ostrom’s Law ......................................................................... 21 2.1. Hardin’s Law ....................................................................................................... 21 2.2. Ostrom’s Law ..................................................................................................... 25 3. Human Rights and Sustainable Development .................................................... 31 3.1. From Fishing Rights to Human Rights .......................................................... 31 3.2. Socio-Cultural Sustainability and Fisheries .................................................... 33 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 3: On the Legitimation and Contestation of Norms .................................... Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 37 1. Constructivism in International Relations ........................................................... 38 1.1. A Middle Ground Theory ................................................................................. 38 1.2. Living in a World of Our Making: A Constructivist Ontology ................... 40 1.3. A Critical Constructivist Epistemology in International Relations ............ 42 ii 2. Critical Constructivism and Norms ................................................................... 45 2.1. Constructivism and Critical Theory ................................................................. 45 2.2. Norms Matter in Critical Constructivist Research ......................................... 47 3. A Conceptual Schema of Norms ......................................................................... 50 3.1. On Shared vs. Contested Meanings of Norms .............................................. 50 3.2. Unpacking the Features of A Theory of Contestation ................................. 50 4. The Politics of Change ........................................................................................... 56 4.1. Norms are what Actors Make of Them: Contestation and Legitimacy in Practice .............................................................................................................................. 56 4.2. Local Norms, Contestation, and Change ....................................................... 60 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 63 Chapter 4: Methods ................................................................................................................ Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 65 1. Methodological Implications ................................................................................... 66 1.1. An Interpretive Ethnographic Methodology .................................................. 66 2. Locating the Field: The Case Study of Barbados and its Flyingfish Fishery and the Primary Research Sites .............................................................................................. 71 2.1. The Case Study of Barbados and its Flyingfish Fishery ............................... 71 2.2. The Primary Research Sites .............................................................................. 75 3. The Methods ............................................................................................................ 81 3.1. Interviews ............................................................................................................ 81 3.2. Non-Participant Observation ........................................................................... 88 3.3. Archival Document Analyses ........................................................................... 92 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 95 iii Chapter 5: Governing the Barbadian Flyingfish Fishery: A Socio-Political Chronology ................................................................................................................................ Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 96 1. The Plantation, Colonial Fisheries and Independence ........................................ 98 1.1. The Beginnings: Indigenous, Africans and Europeans (1627-1834) ........... 98 1.2. Emancipation and Colonial Fisheries (1834-1950) ..................................... 101 1.3. Birth of a Nation (1950-1970) ........................................................................ 108 2. Governing the Flyingfish Fishery in Contemporary Barbados (1970-Present) ........................................................................................................................................... 113 2.1. Contemporary Governance Dynamics of the Barbadian Flyingfish Fishery ........................................................................................................................................... 113 2.2. The Barbadian Flyingfish Fishery’s Key Local Stakeholders .................... 117 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 122 Chapter 6: Constructing the Region .................................................................................. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 124 1. A Shared Eastern Caribbean Flyingfish Fishery ................................................. 126 1.1. Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean Flyingfish Fishery ............................ 129 1.2. Trinidad and Tobago and the Eastern Caribbean Flyingfish Fishery ....... 132 2. Constructing Governance of the Eastern Caribbean Flyingfish Fishery from the Top-Down ................................................................................................................. 132 2.1. The Principled Governance of the Eastern Caribbean Flyingfish Fishery (Type 1 Norms) ............................................................................................................... 135 2.2. Negotiating Competing Perspectives of the Region in the Policy Making Process (Type 2 Norms) ................................................................................................ 135 3. Constructing Governance of the Eastern Caribbean Flyingfish Fishery from the Bottom-Up (Type 3 Norms) ..................................................................................