4 /<3vv A85. I 'Ha. (O<o National Library of Scotland illlllllllllllll *6000404518* 'kjlnnct/r) cc /jcacfew U^iUJi^uv ’uU? £laao ^ f ^ tEfye ^Hoyal €nglis^ dlassics. THE aim of this Series of English Classics is to produce the Works of Standard Authors in portions suitable for use in Schools, carefully adapted for Educational purposes, in a handy form, and at a moderate price. NO W READY. 1. MILTON. Paradise Lost, Book I. Cloth, 3d. 2. ADDISON. Sir Roger de Coverley. Cloth, 3d. 3. SCOTT. Marmion, Canto VI. Cloth, id. 4- MILTON.Cloth, 3d.L’Allegro, II Penseroso, Lycidas, The Nativity. 5. GOLDSMITH.Cloth, 3d. The Traveller, The Deserted Village. 6. COWPER. The Task, Book I. Cloth, d. 7. MACAULAY. Lord Clive and Plassey.3 Cloth, 3d. %* Others in Preparation. T. Nelson Sons, London, Edinburgh, and New York. IRogal English Clas6»J3oohs. H IGH er-Grade English •HISTORY OF THE LANGUAGE; ANALYSIS; STYLE; PROSODY. &C. BY W. SCOTT DALGLEISH, M.A., &c. &c. T. NELSON AND SONS London, Edinburgh, and New York. D ^ O, 13 74/' ^>refaa. This book is intended to supply, in a compact and convenient form, the whole of the work in English required for the Senior Local Examinations of the English and Scottish Universities, for the Higher Grade and Honours Leaving Certificate Examinations of the Scottish Education Department, for the Examinations of the College of Preceptors in England, and for the Examinations in Train- ing Colleges both in England and in Scotland. The scope of the book is limited to the Language, viewed histor- ically and practically. The Literature is fully treated in the three volumes of Great Authors in the same series. The volume presents, in a succinct form, the substance of the most recent studies of English scholars. In this connection the author desires to acknowledge his special obligations to the works of Professor Max Muller, Professor Earle, Professor W. W. Skeat, Mr. Henry Sweet, Mr. E. A. Abbott, and Mr. fe. Morris. (UTon tents. ©act jFiret.—Ibistorical. DEFINITIONS, ... THE LANGUAGE. I. ENGLISH A TEUTONIC LANGUAGE, H. THE ARYAN FAMILY, III. THE ENGLISH CONQUEST OF BRITAIN, IV. THE PERIODS OF ENGLISH, V. THE CHANGES IN ENGLISH, THE VOCABULARY. I. THE OLD ENGLISH ELEMENT, II. THE KELTIC ELEMENT, HI. THE FIRST LATIN PERIOD, ... IV. THE SECOND LATIN PERIOD, V. THE DIALECTS OF OLD ENGLISH, VI. THE DANISH ELEMENT, VII. THE NORMAN CONQUEST, VIII. EARLY ENGLISH, ... IX. THE NORMAN-FRENCH ELEMENT—THE THIRD LATIN PERIOD, X. MIDDLE ENGLISH, ... XI. THE MIXED VOCABULARY—ROMANCE AND ENGLISH ELEMENTS, XII. THE LANGUAGE OF SCOTLAND, XIII. PRINTING AND THE RENASCENCE—THE FOURTH LATIN PERIOD, XIV. MODERN ENGLISH, XV. ELIZABETHAN ENGLISH, XVI. THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES, XVII. RECENT INFLUENCES, ... ... ... ... xvm. THE ENGLISH OF TO-DAY. ... CONTENTS. XIX. MISCELLANEOUS ELEMENTS, ... ... ... ... ... 62 XX. WOHDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES, ... ... 64 XXI. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS, ... ... 65 XXII. IMITATIVE WORDS, ... ... ... ... ... 67 XXIII. CORRUPTED WORDS, ... ... ... ... 67 THE GRAMMAR. X. OLD ENGLISH, ... ... ... ... ... ... 69 II. EARLY ENGLISH, ... ... ... ... ... ... 72 III. MIDDLE ENGLISH, ... ... ... ... ... ... 78 IV. MODERN ENGLISH, ... ... ... ... ... ... 80 RECAPITULATION, ... ... ... ... ... ... 85 part Second.—practical. I. DERIVATION, ... ... ... ... ... ... 90 II. PRINCIPLES OF ANALYSIS, ... ... ... ... ... 96 III. COMPOSITION AND STYLE, ... ... ... ... ... 100 IV. THE FIGURES OF SPEECH, ... ... ... ... ... 105 V. PROSODY, ... ... ... ... ... ... 110 VI. THE FORMS OF LITERATURE, ... ... ... ... 118 MAPS, ETC. TARLE OF THE FAMILIES OF SPEECH, ... ... ... ... vi MAP OF THE ENGLISH MIGRATIONS, ... ... ... ... 18 MAP OF THE ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS, ... ... ... ... 20 CHART OF THE PROGRESS AND GROWTH OF THE LANGUAGE,... ... 86 TABLE. TABLE OF THE FAMILIES OF SPEECH. HUMAN SPEECH. SEMITIC FAMILY. ARYAN FAMILY. TURANIAN FAMILY. L Hebrew. 1. Chinese.I 3.2. Phoenician.Syriac. 2.3. Siberian.Lappish. 5.4. Chaldee.Arabic. 4. Finnish. 6. Ethiopic. 5.6. Magyar.Basque. 7. Coptic. 7. Turkish. I 1 IndianStock. Stock.Italic Sanskrit.* Greek. Latin.I Romance 1. Russian Dialectsof (ModernRomaic Languages:— 2. Polish. Greek). 2.1. French.Italian. 4.3. Servian.Bohemian. Gadhelic,or Erse. Cymric. 3.4. Portuguese.Spanish. 5. Bulgarian. 1. Irish Gaelic. 1. Welsh.I 5. Wallachian 2.3. Manx.Scottish Gaelic. 2.3. Cornish.Breton. Roumanian. J 1. Moeso-Qothic. Old High German. Picti Old Norse.i Middle High Gerrmn. 1. Icelandic. 4. Friesian. New High German ( Norwegian. 5. Dutch. (Modern German). 2. <I Swedish.Danish. 6. Flemish. * Those in italics are dead languages. HIGHER-GBADE ENGLISH. PART I.—HISTORICAL. DEFINITIONS. 1. Language, or Speech, is the utterance of thought in words. The use of these words, language (from Lat. lingua, a tongue) and speech, implieswritten orthat printed. language is essentially something spoken, and not necessarily 2. A Language, or a Tongue, is the system of words used by one nation or people. Thus we speak of the English language, the French tongue. We may alsothe language;say the German as, English, speech. French, Commonly German, the adjectiveDutch, etc. alone is used to name 3. A Dialect is a form of a language peculiar to a district of the country in which it is spoken. theThus Norfolk there dialect, are in Englandand others the less Lancashire distinctly dialect, marked the by Dorsetshire peculiarities. dialect, 4 A Dead Language is one that is no longer in use as a spoken tongue—as, ancient Latin and Greek. A Living Language is one that is still spoken. This distinction shows again that language is regarded essentially as speech, asor languagessomething theyspoken. are dead.Ancient Latin and Greek still exist in literature, but 5. The Vocabulary of a language is the whole body of words used in it. The name comes originally from Latin vox, the voice. HISTORICAL. 6. The Grammar of a language is the system on which its words are combined, related, and modified in expressing thought. 7. The Alphabet of a language is the list of letters with which its words are made. A perfect alphabet would contain a letter for every separate sound. The thereEnglish are alphabet at least forty-twois not perfect. sounds inIt thecontains language. only twenty-six letters, while ThusIt iseach defective of the in vowelstwo ways:—1. a, e, i, o,It anduses uthe stands same letterfor several for different sounds—from sounds. symbolstwo to four; for several s has commontwo sounds; sounds—as, x has ng,four. th (in2. thin),It contains th (in thine),no separate ch (in loch).The alphabet is at the same time redmidant, because it contains different k,symbols q represent for the the same sound sounds. of k. TheThus unnecessary c and s represent letters the are sound w, y, c,of x,s ;and and q. c, 8. Letters are either Vowels, which can be sounded by them- selves, or Consonants, which can be sounded only in conjunction with vowels. areThe the vowelsother lettersare a, ofe, i,the o, alphabet.u, and in some cases w and y. The consonants 9. The Consonants are divided into Mutes, or dull sounds, and Sibilants, or hissing sounds. SibilantsThe Mutes are c are(s), s,6, z, cx (k),(=ks), d, f,sh, g zh, (hard), ch (=tsh h, k, in l, chest), m, n, andp, q, j (=<Mr, t, v. in jest).The 10. The Mute Consonants are divided, according to the organs of speech used in their utterance, into Labials, or lip letters; Palatals, or palate letters; and Gutturals, or throat letters. The Labials are 6, /, p, and v. The Palatals (called also dentals, or tooth letters,Gutturals and are linguo-dentals, g (hard), k, and or tongue-and-toothch (in loch). letters) are d, t, and th. The 11. The Mute Consonants are further divided, according to the quality of the sound, into Sharp, Flat, and Aspirate. Thus Sharp LABIALS. Flat ph(v) dt gk Aspirate f,ph th (z) ch 12. A Root is a word in its first or simplest form. It is the sig- nificant part of all the words derived from it. ThusWhat the was root the cur origin appears of roots? in cur-rent, Three con-cur, answers in-cur, have oc-cur, been givenre-cur, to etc. the DEFINITIONS. question:—1.were imitations That of soundsthey were heard cries in or nature, interjections, like cuckoo, as oh, bow-wow;ah; 2. That 3. Thatthey things,they were like the the answers ring of metalgiven orby of the stone human when mind sharply to the struck. appeals These of external three theories are distinguished as the Interjectional, the Imitative, and the Im- dong.pressional; and popularly as the Pooh-pooh, the Bow-wow, and the Ding- 13. A Prefix ia an addition put before a root; an Affix, or Suffix, is an addition put after a root. In immortal, mort is the root, itn- is a prefix, and -al is an affix, or suffix. 14. A Derivative is a word made from a root by the addition of prefixes or affixes. areThus ‘sometimes from the distinguished root act we get as the primary derivatives and enactsecondary, and action. the latterDerivatives being derived from the former. Thus from the root man' we have the primary manliness.derivative manly, and from that the secondary derivatives un-manly and 15. A Stem is the root part of a derivative modified to receive, or in receiving, an affix, and is obtained by cutting off from a word its prefixes and affixes. Thus the stem of spoken is spoke, which is a modification of the root speak. 16. An Augmentative is a derivative expressing increase or excess—as, braggart, from “ brag; ” sluggard, from “slow drunk- ard, from “drink.” 17. A Diminutive is a derivative expressing decrease or little- ness—as, lambkin, from “ lamb ; ” hillock, from “ hill.” 18. A Frequentative is a derivative expressing a habit or repeti- tion of an act—as, barrister, one who practises at the “bar;” charioteer, one who drives a “ chariot.” 19.