Bridging the Legal-Institutional Gap in Mediterranean Coastline Management MARE NOSTRUM PROJECT: Bridging the Legal- Institutional Gap in Mediterranean Coastline Management First Interim Report: Existing Knowledge on Legal-Institutional Frameworks for Coastline Management The International, EU and National Levels Editorial Team: Rachelle Alterman Rachel Adam Jesse Fox Cygal Pellach Mare Nostrum Project ENPI CBC MSB Grant Agreement I-A/1.3/093 MARE NOSTRUM marenostrumproject.eu [email protected] +972-48294018 +972-54-4563384 Bridging the Legal-Institutional Gap in Mediterranean Coastline Management MARE Nostrum Project First Interim Report Existing Knowledge on the Legal-Institutional Frameworks for Coastline Management The International, EU and National Levels Editorial Team: Rachelle Alterman; Rachel Adam; Jesse Fox; Cygal Pellach Cover Design: Michelle Oren Mare Nostrum Project ENPI CBC MSB Grant Agreement I-A/1.3/093 MARE NOSTRUM marenostrumproject.eu [email protected] +972-48294018 +972-54-4563384 © 2013 by the Mare Nostrum Partnership September 2013 Statement about the Programme: The 2007-2013 ENPI CBC Mediterranean Sea Basin (MSB) Programme is a multilateral Cross-Border Cooperation initiative funded by the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI). The Programme objective is to promote the sustainable and harmonious cooperation process at the Mediterranean Basin level by dealing with the common challenges and enhancing its endogenous potential. It finances cooperation projects as a contribution to the economic, social, environmental and cultural development of the Mediterranean region. The following 14 countries participate in the Programme: Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta, Palestinian Authority, Portugal, Spain, Syria, Tunisia. The Joint Managing Authority (JMA) is the Autonomous Region of Sardinia (Italy). Official Programme languages are Arabic, English and French. Disclaimer: This publication has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union under the ENPI CBC Mediterranean Sea Basin Programme. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of MARE NOSTRUM Partnership and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union or of the Programme’s management structures. Financing: The MARE NOSTRUM project is implemented under the ENPI CBC Mediterranean Sea Basin Programme (www.enpicbcmed.eu). Its total budget is €4.3M and it is financed for the amount of €3.9M by the European Union through the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument. The ENPI CBC Med Programme aims at reinforcing cooperation between the European Union and partner countries regions placed along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea.” General statement on the European Union: The European Union is made up of 27 Member States who have decided to gradually link together their know-how, resources and destinies. Together, during a period of enlargement of 50 years, they have built a zone of stability, democracy and sustainable development whilst maintaining cultural diversity, tolerance and individual freedoms. The European Union is committed to sharing its achievements and its values with countries and peoples beyond its borders. Bridging the Legal-Institutional Gap in Mediterranean Coastline Management Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 3 PART I: INTERNATIONAL ICZM INSTRUMENTS AND INITIATIVES ................................................. 7 3. INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ICZM INSTRUMENTS AND INITIATIVES ‐ Rachel Adam & Jesse Fox, Technion ........................................................................................................................................................ 8 PART II: NATIONAL REPORTS (PARTNER COUNTRIES & ASSOCIATES) ...................................... 25 4. GREECE ‐ Konstantinos Lalenis & Ioannis Papatheocharis, UTH ......................................................... 26 5. ISRAEL ‐ Rachel Adam, Technion; Ruth Schwartz & Inbal Koren, SPNI ............................................... 42 6. ITALY ‐ Francesco Lo Piccolo ................................................................................................................ 66 7. MALTA ‐ Anna Spiteri, Dirk De Ketelaere, Suzanne Maas, Mirjana Plantan, Lucia Garcia, Maurice Said, IRMCo ................................................................................................................................................. 68 8. SPAIN ‐ Pablo Gorostiza & Sara Ibáñez, FEPORTS ............................................................................. 118 9. Turkey ‐ Fatma Ünsal ......................................................................................................................... 189 PART III: COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS AND STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT ............ 204 10. INVENTORY: COASTAL MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATIONS, PROGRAMS, PROJECTS AND FORUMS ‐ Ronnie Ginat, Technion ............................................................................................................................. 205 11. THE MEDITERRANEAN COASTAL ENVIRONMENT ‐ Georgios Sylaios, Georgios Gkikas, Vassilios Tsihrintzis, Paraschos Melidis, DUTH ........................................................................................................ 228 Abbreviations and Acronyms .......................................................................................................... 311 Bibliography .................................................................................................................................... 320 Appendices ................................................................................................................................. .....347 Mare Nostrum Project 1. INTRODUCTION This first report of the ENPI CBC MSB project “Mare Nostrum: Bridging the Implementation Gap in Mediterranean Coastline Management” surveys existing instruments for implementation of good coastal zone management. The report compiles a number of country-specific legal- institutional reports, from which the project will draw in determining criteria and indicators for evaluating ICZM instruments. The national reports will also serve as the knowledge base for future stages of the project. This report also contains information on coastal management programs, international instruments and environmental issues affecting the Mediterranean. Recognizing the key role of international law in promoting ICZM, the report reviews key international ICZM instruments, particularly the Barcelona Convention’s 2008 ICZM Protocol for the Mediterranean. This provides a foundation for the next stage of the project, which will focus on identification of the key legal, institutional and administrative impediments to implementation of ICZM instruments at the local level. The world’s coastlines are currently under enormous and unprecedented pressure from population growth and development. Historically, civilizations have tended to cluster around coastlines and in today’s increasingly urbanized world, coastal cities are focal points for innovation, development and economic growth. This makes them more vulnerable to the effects of global climate change, which are expected to impact hundreds of millions of people living in cities over the coming decades. Those effects were dramatically illustrated by recent extreme- weather events such as Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans and the Asian tsunami of 2004. A variety of tools for planning, managing and governing coastal areas already exists, grouped together under the term “ICZM,” or integrated coastal zone management. Yet this is still an emerging field. In many coastal areas, governing powers are dispersed among local, regional and national actors, and coordination between them is often insufficient to take on the unique challenges facing planners in these areas. In the Mediterranean region, a diversity of legal-institutional and political regimes, cultures and languages, and socio-economic conditions prevails. Country-specific management structures for coastal management are determined by a range of considerations, including the political, cultural, economic, environmental and geographical attributes of the specific case. Despite one of the most comprehensive supra-national regulatory frameworks in the world for ICZM, local realities remain characterized by large gaps between legal and regulatory frameworks and on-the-ground implementation. The primary aim of the Mare Nostrum project is to overcome the challenges facing coastal management at the local level by addressing this “implementation gap.” Top-down implementation of regional and international laws and policies in the Mediterranean Basin remains difficult to achieve. Yet there is a growing consensus that comprehensive and integrative management, guided by the principle of sustainable development, is crucial for effective coastal zone governance. This project aims to create tailor-made tools to help overcome impediments to successful implementation of local coastal zone management, including disparities in implementation capacity and in degrees of compliance. In line with this 1 Mare Nostrum Project approach, the project's strategy is bottom-up - "from implementation