Report No: 2014R005 Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey Tiverton Cornwall Archaeological Unit Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey: Tiverton ii Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey: Tiverton Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey Tiverton Client Devon County Council Report Number 2014R005 Date 8th August 2014 Status Final Report author Dr Fiona Fleming Checked by Nick Cahill Approved by Andrew Young Cornwall Archaeological Unit Cornwall Council Fal Building, County Hall, Treyew Road, Truro, Cornwall, TR1 3AY Tel: (01872) 323603 E-mail [email protected] Web: www.cornwall.gov.uk/archaeology iii Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey: Tiverton Acknowledgements This project was commissioned by Devon County Council with funding provided by English Heritage. The work was carried out by Cornwall Archaeological Unit (formerly Historic Environment Projects), Cornwall Council. Within Cornwall Archaeological Unit, Cornwall Council the Project Manager was Andrew Young. Nick Cahill acted as Historic Urban Characterisation advisor for the project and Peter Dudley provided GIS support. Digital map and historic environment data was provided by Devon County Council Historic Environment Service. The Tiverton survey was carried out by Dr Fiona Fleming for Cornwall Archaeological Unit, Cornwall Council. The author is grateful to the following for highlighting and providing historical information: Pippa Griffiths (Curator, Tiverton Town Museum). The views and recommendations expressed in this report are those of Historic Environment Projects and are presented in good faith on the basis of professional judgement and on information currently available. Freedom of Information Act As Cornwall Council is a public authority it is subject to the terms of the Freedom of Information Act 2000, which came into effect from 1st January 2005. Cornwall Archaeological Unit, Cornwall Council is a Registered Organisation with the Institute for Archaeologists Cover illustration Looking westwards from The Works towards the Gatehouse of Tiverton Castle. Taken 15/11/2013 © Devon County Council 2013 No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the publisher. iv Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey: Tiverton Contents 1 Summary 1 2 Town context 2 2.1 Location and setting 2 2.2 Geology and topography 4 2.3 Previous work 5 3 Historical development 7 3.1 Prehistoric 7 3.2 Roman presence 8 3.3 Early medieval ‘Twyfyrde’ 9 3.4 Medieval market town 11 3.5 Post-medieval: the cloth trade, fires, floods and civil war 15 3.6 The Eighteenth Century 18 3.7 Nineteenth Century expansion 20 3.8 The 20th Century to Present-day 23 4 Historic Urban Character 26 4.1 Ashley Park (HUCA 1) 28 4.1.1 Historic character 28 4.1.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 29 4.1.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 29 4.2 West Exe Expansion (HUCA 2) 30 4.2.1 Historic character 30 4.2.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 31 4.2.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 31 4.3 West Exe (HUCA 3) 32 4.3.1 Historic character 32 4.3.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 33 4.3.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 34 4.4 Cottey Brook Expansion (HUCA 4) 35 4.4.1 Historic character 35 4.4.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 35 4.4.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 36 4.5 Heathcoat Development (HUCA 5) 36 4.5.1 Historic character 36 4.5.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 39 4.5.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 40 4.6 Broomhill Development (HUCA 6) 40 4.6.1 Historic character 40 4.6.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 42 4.6.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 43 4.7 Gotham (HUCA 7) 44 4.7.1 Historic character 44 4.7.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 44 4.7.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 45 4.8 Tidcombe Development (HUCA 8) 45 v Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey: Tiverton 4.8.1 Historic character 45 4.8.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 47 4.8.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 48 4.9 Tidcombe Expansion (HUCA 9) 48 4.9.1 Historic character 48 4.9.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 49 4.9.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 49 4.10 Blundell’s Road (HUCA 10) 50 4.10.1 Historic character 50 4.10.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 51 4.10.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 52 4.11 Great Gornhay (HUCA 11) 52 4.11.1 Historic character 52 4.11.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 53 4.11.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 53 4.12 Lowman River Development (HUCA 12) 54 4.12.1 Historic character 54 4.12.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 55 4.12.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 56 4.13 Cowleymoor Infill (HUCA 13) 56 4.13.1 Historic character 56 4.13.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 58 4.13.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 58 4.14 Moorhayes Expansion (HUCA 14) 59 4.14.1 Historic character 59 4.14.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 60 4.14.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 61 4.15 Park Road and Brickhouse Hill (HUCA 15) 61 4.15.1 Historic character 61 4.15.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 63 4.15.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 63 4.16 Newpark (HUCA 16) 64 4.16.1 Historic character 64 4.16.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 66 4.16.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 66 4.17 Elmore (HUCA 17) 68 4.17.1 Historic character 68 4.17.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 69 4.17.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 70 4.18 Lowman Green (HUCA 18) 70 4.18.1 Historic character 70 4.18.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 73 4.18.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 73 4.19 Barrington Street and Park Street (HUCA 19) 74 4.19.1 Historic character 74 4.19.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 76 4.19.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 76 4.20 St Andrew Street (HUCA 20) 77 4.20.1 Historic character 77 4.20.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 79 4.20.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 80 vi Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey: Tiverton 4.21 Town Centre (HUCA 21) 81 4.21.1 Historic character 81 4.21.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 83 4.21.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 83 4.22 Civic Centre (HUCA 22) 84 4.22.1 Historic character 84 4.22.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 85 4.22.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 85 4.23 Cattle Market (HUCA 23) 86 4.23.1 Historic character 86 4.23.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 88 4.23.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 88 4.24 St Peter Street (HUCA 24) 89 4.24.1 Historic character 89 4.24.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 92 4.24.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 92 4.25 Castle Barton (HUCA 25) 93 4.25.1 Historic character 93 4.25.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 95 4.25.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 95 4.26 The Works and Castle Street (HUCA 26) 96 4.26.1 Historic character 96 4.26.2 Heritage significance (above ground) 99 4.26.3 Heritage significance (below ground) 100 5 Suggestions for future research 101 6 Bibliography 102 6.1 Primary sources 102 6.2 Publications 103 6.3 Websites (accessed November 2013) 103 vii Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey: Tiverton List of Figures Fig 1 Location map Fig 2 Suggested routes of early medieval roads into Tiverton, drawn from sections of the present road network. Gaps in the road network are due to uncertainties in the route of the earlier roads or the constraints of mapping to modern boundary lines. Fig 3 Suggested routes of late medieval roads into Tiverton, drawn from sections of the present road network. Gaps in the road network are due to uncertainties in the route of the earlier roads or the constraints of mapping to modern boundary lines. Fig 4 Location and setting Fig 5a Roads and streets (Tiverton East) Fig 5b Roads and streets (Tiverton West) Fig 6 Historic development (Roman. AD43 - 409) Fig 7 Historic development (Early medieval. 410 - 1065) Fig 8 Historic development (Medieval. 1066 – 1539); this includes some aspects of potentially late medieval development, such as the construction of Exe Bridge and the development along Fore Street Fig 9 Historical development (Post-medieval. 1540 - 1699) Fig 8 Historical development (18th century. 1700 - 1799) Fig 9 Historical development (Early 19th century. 1800 - 1849) Fig 10 Historical development (Late 19th century. 1850 - 1900) Fig 11 Historical development (Early 20th century. 1900 - 1949) Fig 12 Historical development (Late 20th century. 1950 - 1999) Fig 13 Historic Character Types (Present-Day HUCTs) 2014 Fig 14 Historic Character Areas (HUCAs) 2014 Fig 15 Plan of Tiverton dated 1777. Issued with Harding’s (1844) History of Tiverton; held by Tiverton Museum, reference 1985.247.3 Fig 16 Engraved map of Tiverton by C. Tozer, extracted from M. Dunsford’s (1790) Historical Memoirs of Tiverton; held by Tiverton Museum, reference 1977. 603 Fig 17 Map of Tiverton by Robert K. Dawson, dated 1837, scale 4” to 1 mile; held by Tiverton Museum, reference 1989.1374.3 Fig 18 Map of Tiverton by Woods, dated 1840, extracted from the Tiverton Conservation Area Appraisal 2005 http://www.middevon.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=2645 Abbreviations CA Conservation Area CAU Cornwall Archaeological Unit, Cornwall Council EH English Heritage EUS Extensive Urban Survey DCC Devon County Council HER Historic Environment Record HLC Historic Landscape Characterisation viii Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey: Tiverton HUC Historic Urban Character HUCA Historic Urban Character Area HUCT Historic Urban Character Type NGR National Grid Reference NRHE National Record for the Historic Environment OS Ordnance Survey ix Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey: Tiverton 1 Summary Tiverton was assessed during 2013 as part of the Devon Historic Coastal and Market Towns Survey (DHCMTS).