64-12,804 JO. Yung-Hwan, 1932- JAPANESE GEOPOLITICS AND THE GREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPERITY SPHERE. The American University, Ph.D., 1964 Political Science, international law and relations University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright by Yung-Hwan Jo 1965 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. JAPANESE GEOPOLITICS AND THE GREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPERITY SPHERE by Yung-Hwan Jo Submitted to the Faoulty of the Graduate School ef The Amerioan University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Dootor of Philosophy in International Relations and Organization Signatures of Committee: Chairman LiwLi^^ sdt-C'Ut'tUVC'Uo-iU i L’yL ■ ; June 1964 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY The Amerioan University LIBRARY Washington, D. C. JUL9 1964 WASHINGTON. D. C. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PREFACE This is a study of the Greater East Asia Co- Prosperity Sphere with emphasis on the influence of geo­ political thought in the formation of its concept. It is therefore a rather technical study of one aspect of Japanese diplomacy. Practically no studies have been made con­ cerning the influence of geopolitics on Japanese foreign policy. It is not the purpose of this study to attaok or defend the geopolitics or the concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere at any stage of its development, but rather to understand it. The principal data used in preparing this work are: (l) Various records of the International Military Tribunal of the Far East; (2) microfilmed arohives of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1868-1945; (3) materials written by Japanese geopoliticians as well as Haushofer; and (4) letters from authorities in the different aspects of this work. In order to make this study as objeotive as possible, an effort was made not to lose sight of the multi­ disciplinary approach. In the main comparative and ana­ lytical methods were followed. However, there was some resort to the descriptive and historical methods when they served as essential preliminaries to the over-all approaches Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. iv employed in this research. Finally, the writer wishes to express his apprecia­ tion to the following persons: (l) Members of the Committee, i.e., Lord Lindsay of Birker (ohairman), Dr. Ralph L. Powell, Dr. Millidge P. Walker and Dr. Ssu-ytt Teng for their many valuable suggestions that have been incorporated in the final version; (2) Mr. Andrew Kuroda (Japanese Section, the Library of Congress), Dr. Sung Yoon Cho (Far Eastern Law Library, the Library of Congress) and Mr. John Taylor (the National Archives) for their kind assistance in locating and gathering the materials used in preparing this work; (3) several Japanese authorities on the subject especially Col. Susumi Nishihara for their goodness to answer his questions;'(4) his colleague, Dr. Tom J. Hillmon for proof­ reading the entire manuscript: and (5) lastly but not the least, his wife, Syliva for typing the entire manuscript. None of these persons are responsible for any illogicality in views and inaccuracy in oontent, as the responsibility for all facts and opinions in this work rests with the writer. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE........ iii NOTES ON FOREIGN TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS................ x CHRONOLOGY OF JAPANESE EXPANSION.......................... xii CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION........................................... 1 Statement of the Problems........... ............. 3 Probable Importance of the Study................ 4 Definitions of Terms.............................. 7 Geopolitics....................................... 7 The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.......................... 13 * II. THE MAINSPRINGS OF JAIJN'S NATIONALISTIC EXPANSIONISM....................... 18 Hakko Ichiu......................................... 18 Historical Background of Japanese Expansionism........................... 26 The Rise of the Pan-Aslan Movement............. 33 The Influence of Kita Ikki and Okawa Shumei........... ............ 38 III. DEVELOPMENT OF GEOPOLITICAL SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN JAPAN................................... 43 Intellectual Climate.................... 43 Geopolitical Study in Japan........... 47 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. vi CHAPTER PAGE A Brief History......................... 47 Frederick Ratzel.............................. 50 Rudolf Kjellen..................................... 52 Karl Haushofer's View of Japan............... 56 Haushofer's Influence in Japan................. 68 "Japanese" Geopolitics............................. 75 Geopolitics of Komaki............................. 76 IV. "GEOPOLITICAL" ARGUMENTS FOR JAPANESE EXPANSION IN EAST ASIA .......................................... 79 Geopolitical Raison d'Etat....................... 80 Manchukuo as Japan's Lebensraum.................. 89 The Tanaka Memorial and Its Plausibility........................................ 92 Justification of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in Terms of World Conditions. ............. 98 International Anarchy and Rising Belligerency............................. 98 Emergence of Other Regional Blocs.............. 100 V. THE ECONOMIC THEORIES OF THE GREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPERITY SPHERE................. 102 Economic Rationale of the Organization.......... 103 Bloc Economy to Grossraumwlrtsohaft............ 106 Eoonomic Functions of the Organization.......... 112 VI. THE POLITICAL THEORIES OF THE GREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPERITY SPHERE.................... 120 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. vii CHAPTER PAGE "New Moral Order" in A s i a ........... ........ 121 Realistic Idealism............................. 121 Politics and Ethics.................... 123 The New Order................................... 125 The International Law of Greater East Asia... 127 The Doctrine of National Inequality......... 127 The Principle of Justice...................... 131 The "Spheric" Law .............................. 132 "Inter-Spherio" Law ............... 134 Organismic Intra-Spheric Relationships....... 134 Leadership of Japan....................... 135 Plans for Political Construction............ 138 Comparison with Other Types of Inter-State Systems..................... ...... 152 Cf. Federal Governments....................... 153 Cf. the "Protective" Relationship........... 155 Cf. The League of Nations ....... 156 Cf. The Monroe Doctrine.......... 157 Cf. Western Inter-State System............... 158 VII. GEO-STRATEGIC ASPECTS OF THE GREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPERITY SPHERE................. 161 Oceanism vs. Continentalism..................... 161 Haushofer's View of the Land-Sea Complex 166 Organismic Defense Sphere....................... 170 Obligations in-and-out of the Sphere....... 174 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. viii CHAPTER PAGE VIII. CULTURAL PROGRAMS OF THE GREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPERITY SPHERE....................... 177 "Thought" Policy.................................. 177 Educational Policy................................ 181 Linguistic Policy................................. 183 IX. JAPNESE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEW ORDER......... 187 Roles of Research Organizations in Japan..... 188 The Kyoto Geopolitical Society............. 188 The Japanese Geopolitical Association...... 191 The National Polioy Research Association................................... 193 The Showa Research Association............... 198 The East Asia League Society................. 200 Establishment and Funotlons of the Greater East Asia Ministry................... 204 The Greater East Asia Conference............ 208 The Ambassador's Conference vs. The Post-War Committee......... 215 X. JAPANESE PERFORMANCE AND ITS IMPACE IN THE OCCUPIED ZONES................................ 218 Political and Economic Fields ........... 218 Manohukuo ............. 219 New C hina.................. 220 Thailand......................................... 222 The Philippines................... 225 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ix CHAPTER PAGE The Netherland East Indies.................... 227 Results ........................................ 230 Propaganda Field. ............ ................... 231 Appeal to Color................................. 231 Appeal to Nationalism ....... .......... 234 Economic Appeal............... 236 Religious Appeal ................................ 236 Call for Revolt................................. 237 Utilization of the Nationalist Leaders 238 Geo-Strategic Field.............................. 239 Evaluation.................................... 246 XI. CONCLUSIONS AND CONTEMPORARY SIGNIFICANCE 248 Conclusion......................................... 248 Contemporary Significance ............ 257 Reemergence of Asianism in Japan............ 259 "Open" Regionalism............................. 261 Japan's Role in the "Peaceful" Co-Prosperity............ 264 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................. 268 APPENDIX A. Organismio