South Australia’s First Expedition: three generations of settler-colonial social mobility. by Heidi Ing Thesis submitted to Flinders University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences 9 October 2020 i Table of Contents List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ ii List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ iii Thesis Summary ................................................................................................................... vi Declaration .......................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... viii Chapter One: Following Immigrants on the Move .................................................................. 1 Chapter Two: Selling South Australia .................................................................................... 35 Chapter Three: South Australia’s First Expedition ................................................................. 58 Chapter Four: Locating South Australia’s First Expedition .................................................... 87 Chapter Five: Career Mobility of the First Expedition. ........................................................ 103 Chapter Six: Locating the Sons and Daughters .................................................................... 136 Chapter Seven: Occupational Outcomes of the Sons and Daughters ................................. 166 Chapter Eight: Locating the Grandchildren ......................................................................... 197 Chapter Nine: Occupational Outcomes of the Grandchildren ............................................ 220 Chapter Ten: Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 252 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 266 Appendices .......................................................................................................................... 280 Appendix 1: Sample of the ‘Register of Emigrant Labourers’ .......................................... 280 Appendix 2: Application form for ‘a Free Passage to South Australia’ ............................ 281 Appendix 3: HISCLASS aggregate table ............................................................................ 282 Appendix 4: Common occupations under HISCLASS categories ...................................... 283 Appendix 5: Comparative mobility for first to second generation .................................. 284 Appendix 6: Comparative mobility for second to third generation ................................. 287 i List of Figures Figure 2.1: Promotional map of South Australia, 1839. 36 Figure 2.2: Publicity for the Exeter Hall Public Meeting held 30 June 1834. 41 Figure 2.3: The Great Hall of Exeter Hall, London, 1841. 42 Figure 2.4: Map of Australia’s Aboriginal Peoples. 46 Figure 3.1: Passenger demographics provided by the Commissioners. 63 Figure 3.2 Old Colonists Banquet Group by Henry Jones, 1873. 68 Figure 4.1: William Light’s sketch of Beare family tents, Nepean Bay, KI, 1836. 93 Figure 5.1: Plan of the city of Adelaide by Colonel William Light. 107 Figure 5.2: South Australia’s surveyed districts in 1843. 108 Figure 5.3: Fanny Finch's Restaurant, Castlemaine, c1859. 118 Figure 5.4: Penton Vale, head station of Anstey & Giles, c1870. 123 Figure 5.5: Boyle Travers Finniss, c1882. 130 Figure 5.6: Charles Simeon Hare, 1872. 131 Figure 6.1: James Stone, 1872. 142 Figure 6.2: Arabella Williams (née Beare), c1885. 149 Figure 6.3: Hurtle Willoughby Morphett, c1920. 150 Figure 6.4: Frederick Robe Finniss, c1870. 150 Figure 6.5: Royal Oak Hotel, Tothill Creek, c1890. 151 Figure 6.6: Home of Stephen Garforth Grant, Dulwich, c1908. 152 Figure 6.7: Charles Parrington, c1870. 156 Figure 6.8: Family home of Henry Douglas, Happy Valley Reservoir, c1894. 159 Figure 6.9: Distribution of wheat acreage in South Australia, 1866. 162 Figure 6.10: Distribution of wheat acreage in South Australia in 1896. 163 Figure 7.1 Farm building on Murnpeowie Station, c1922. 173 Figure 7.2: Sarah Ellen Hickman (née Chandler), c1872-1881. 174 Figure 8.1: Chapman residence, Dequetteville Terrace, c1890. 204 Figure 8.2: Messrs Symonds Brothers Department Store, Port Pirie, 1900. 214 Figure 8.3: Distribution of wheat acreage in South Australia, 1866. 215 Figure 8.4: Distribution of wheat acreage in South Australia, 1896. 215 Figure 8.5: Distribution of wheat acreage in South Australia, 1924-26. 215 Figure 8.6: John Woodford, c1855. 218 ii List of Tables Table 1.1: Historical International Social Class (HISCLASS) Aggregate Table. 26 Table 1.2: Population demographics of three generations. 33 Table 3.1: Passenger numbers for the ships of South Australia’s first expedition. 62 Table 3.2: Commissioners’ and Cummings’ passenger numbers compared. 70 Table 3.3: Research population compared with the Commissioners’ First Annual Report. 71 Table 3.4: Passenger numbers for the Company ship John Pirie. 71 Table 3.5: Passenger list for the John Pirie. 74 Table 3.6: Passenger numbers for the Company ship Duke of York. 75 Table 3.7: Passenger list for the Duke of York. 76 Table 3.8: Passenger numbers for the Commissioner ship Cygnet. 78 Table 3.9: Passenger list for the Cygnet. 79 Table 3.10: Passenger numbers for the Company ship Lady Mary Pelham. 81 Table 3.11: Passenger list for the Lady Mary Pelham. 81 Table 3.12: Passenger numbers for the Company ship Emma. 82 Table 3.13: Passenger list for the Emma. 83 Table 3.14: Passenger numbers for the Commissioner ship Rapid. 84 Table 3.15: Passenger list for the Rapid. 85 Table 3.16: Labourers, colonists and crew of South Australia’s first expedition. 86 Table 4.1: Rate of attrition for South Australia’s first expedition. 88 Table 4.2: Adults and children of South Australia’s first expedition. 100 Table 4.3: Geographic relocation of South Australia’s first expedition. 102 Table 5.1: Early, mid, and late-career observations for the first generation. 104 Table 5.2: Early career occupational class distribution for the first generation. 105 Table 5.3: Urban/rural geographic movement of the first generation. 109 Table 5.4: Early to mid-career outcomes for the first generation. 133 Table 5.5: Mid to late-career outcomes for the first generation. 134 Table 6.1: Average number of children per first generation couple. 137 Table 6.2: Mortality rates for the second-generation population. 138 Table 6.3: Mortality rates for the second generation by occupational class. 139 Table 6.4: Rate of attrition for the second-generation population. 140 Table 6.5: Rates of adult sons and daughters who remained single. 145 Table 6.6: Daughters with visible occupations. 146 Table 6.7: Locations of the second generation at their mid-career. 147 Table 6.8: Urban/rural geographic movement of second generation. 148 Table 6.9: Geographic relocation of second generation. 153 Table 6.10: Location of second-generation ‘movers’ at their mid-career. 155 Table 7.1: First and second-generational birth year, mid-career year and age. 168 Table 7.2: Occupational class origin of second-generation population. 169 iii Table 7.3: Occupational class mobility for children of labourers. 171 Table 7.4: Occupational class outcomes for children of labourers. 172 Table 7.5: Geographic relocation of labourers’ children. 177 Table 7.6: Occupational class mobility for children of farmers and fishers. 177 Table 7.7: Occupational class outcomes for children of farmers and fishers. 179 Table 7.8: Geographic relocation of children of farmers and fishers. 181 Table 7.9: Occupational class mobility for children of skilled workers. 181 Table 7.10: Occupational class outcomes for children of skilled workers. 182 Table 7.11: Geographic relocation of children of skilled workers. 184 Table 7.12: Occupational class mobility for children of the middle class. 184 Table 7.13: Children of the persistent middle class. 185 Table 7.14: Children of the manual-origin middle class. 185 Table 7.15: Occupational class outcome for children of the middle class. 187 Table 7.16: Geographic relocation of children of the middle class. 187 Table 7.17: Occupational class mobility for children of the upper class. 188 Table 7.18: Occupational class outcome for children of the upper class. 190 Table 7.19: Geographic relocation of children of the upper class. 191 Table 7.20: Mid-career outcomes for the second generation. 192 Table 7.21: Mid-career outcomes for the second-generation daughters. 193 Table 7.22: Mid-career outcomes for the second-generation sons. 194 Table 7.23: Rates of second-generation occupational class persistence. 194 Table 8.1: Second and third-generational birth year, mid-career year and age. 197 Table 8.2: Average number of children per second generation couple. 198 Table 8.3: Mortality rates in the third-generation population. 199 Table 8.4: Mortality rates for the third generation by occupational class. 200 Table 8.5: Rate of attrition in the third-generation population. 201 Table 8.6: Rate of third-generation males and females who remained single. 203 Table 8.7: Third-generation women with visible occupations. 206 Table 8.8: Occupational