SECURING AIR TRAFFIC Case CBRN Terrorism Edited by Timo Hellenberg, Pekka Visuri and Lars Nicander Assisted by Maarit Elo-Valente Aleksanteri Institute University of Helsinki 2011 Contents Contents Overview of the European Crisis Coordination Arrangements ................................ 12 Timo Hellenberg & Pekka Visuri Understanding CBRN Terrorism Threat - An Overall Assessment ............................. 48 Magnus Normark Threat of Nuclear and Radiological Terrorism to Air Transport................................. 69 Juha Rautjärvi, Mikko Valkonen & Martti Annanmäki Prevention Measures and Consequence Management of Radiological Threats...... 92 Juha Rautjärvi, Mikko Valkonen & Martti Annanmäki Weak Signals and Early Warning in Aviation Related Emergencies........................ 115 Hannu Rantanen The Finnish Crisis Management................................................................................. 129 Pekka Visuri & Timo Hellenberg The Swedish Crisis Management System and the National Strategy to Combat Terrorism........................................................................................................ 158 Magnus Normark The Russian System Concerning Air Traffic Security and Incidents........................ 175 With financial support from the Prevention of and Fight against Crime Programme of the European Union Jan Leijonhielm European Commission - Directorate-General Home Affairs The Compliance of the Civil Aviation System Within the EU Guidelines................. 186 Daniele Del Bianco & Marina Andeva This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the European Commission cannot be held The U.S. Homeland Security Policy Approaches to Defences against responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein Airline Terrorism.......................................................................................................... 233 A.A. Cohen Group Dynamics in the Airplane in the Aviation Rescue Situation......................... 250 Daniele Del Bianco, Marina Andeva & Emilio Cocco Toward a Public Information Strategy for Bioterrorism Response......................... 292 ©Timo Hellenberg, Pekka Visuri and article authors A.A. Cohen Published by Aleksanteri Institute, University of Helsinki Cover design by WSOY Patient Handling/Decontamination of CBRN Situations: Printed by WSOYpro Oy, Helsinki, March 2011 Description of the Process.......................................................................................... 310 ISBN 978-952-10-6868-3 (nid.) Heikki Silvennoinen, Timo Lairio & Pertti Jalasvirta ISBN 978-952-10-6869-0 (PDF) 5 Securing Air Traffic Contributors Contributors Marina Andeva, PhD Candidate in Transborder Policies for Daily Life, MA in Communi- Timo Hellenberg, Dr. Pol. Sc., is a senior scientist with experience in intergovernmental cation and European Policy Making at the University of Trieste, Italy, BA in National and cooperation for disaster reduction and emergency management. His many publica- International Law at the University of Skopje, Macedonia. Junior Researcher at I.S.I.G. Re- tions include “Challenging Disasters – Natural Disaster Reduction in the Context of search fields: cross-border cooperation, immigration, minorities and European policies. Intergovernmental Relations” (Kikimora Publications, 2002). He is CEO of the Hellenberg International Ltd and holds a post of senior fellow at the Aleksanteri Institute of the Martti Annanmäki, M.Sc (Physics) acts as a consultant at STUK (Radiation and Nuclear University of Helsinki. In 2003 he served as a Special Advisor to the Prime Minister of Safety Authority, Finland). He is retired from STUK after a career of 36 years, during which Finland. he served in various positions the last one being the Quality Manager. His expertise, apart from quality related affairs, covers natural radioactivity. His publications include Pertti Jalasvirta is the Managing Director and owner of Jalasvirta Inc. Medical Croup scientific and other articles mainly on natural radioactivity related topics. As a consultant and Suojasauma Ltd.; a Nordic based European manufacturing and medical supply and he participates in various international service projects mainly funded by EU financing Service Company. He has thirty years of professional experience in government affairs, instruments (PHARE, TACIS etc.). Earlier experience in international projects covers e.g. resource management, and administrative management, and planning and organiza- projects in Latvia, Lithuania and Belorussia. tional development in military medicine, field hospital relations and CBRNE processes. He is also a highly decorated Medical Service Corps Reserve Warrant Officer and is A.A. Cohen, L.L.B., Ph.D., is on the Board of Advisors of the Institute for Analysis of Global currently responsible for the development and testing of new medical processes and Security (IAGS). He is also a member of the Editorial Board of Central Asia and the Cau- emerging technologies for the Finnish Defence Forces. casus (Stockholm) and of Caspian Crossroads, and is a Member of the Council of Foreign Relations, the International Institute for Strategic Studies (London), and a number of other Timo Lairio, Lieutenant colonel (retired). Depot Commander at safety depot 1995-2000, professional organizations. He advised Burson Marsteller, a pre-eminent public affairs Staff commander at Engineer Regiment 2000-2005, CBRNE-sector director at Suomen firm, and a number of government agencies and private companies on a wide range of Terästekniikka Oy 2006-2008, and CBRNE adviser at Jalasvirta Group Oy since 2009. policy issues. Dr. Cohen earned his Ph.D. and M.A., Law and Diplomacy, from The Fletcher Author of CBRNE Protection Guide, 2001; Complementary Guide: CBRNE Materials, 2002; School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. Dr. Cohen is a recognized and widely and others. DVDs: CBRNE-Equipment from Finland, 2006; Light-weight CBRNE Recon- published authority on international security policy, on domestic and foreign policy, the naissance and Extinction Vehicle, 2008; CBRNE Symposium’s Outdoor Exhibition, 2009; rule of law, and crime and corruption in Europe, Eurasia, and the Middle East. Project Hangar, 2009; and Project Aether, 2010. Emilio Cocco, PhD, is senior lecturer of Sociology of the Territory and the Environment Jan Leijonhielm, Senior Intelligence Advisor at the Centre for Asymmetric Threat Stud- at the University of Teramo since 2005; research fellow at the Department of Theories ies (CATS), SNDC. Manager of Russian and Early Warning Studies at FOI (Swedish Defence and Policies of Social Development. Several grants and fellowships 2003-2006, as well as Research Agency) since 1998. Earlier in Military Intelligence and Head of Economic research visits 2002-2006 in Croatia, the United Kingdom, Sweden and Finland. Research Intelligence (at Stockholm East Economic Studies Institute) 1980-89. Author of several interests: social theory; border studies; nationalism, regionalism and territorial develop- books and studies on Russian economy, raw materials, defence budgets and intelligence, ment; cross-border cooperation in maritime regions; urban studies; tourism, travelling especially early warning methods. and mobility. Lars Nicander is the Director for The Center for Asymmetric Threat Studies at the Swed- Daniele Del Bianco, PhD, is a senior researcher at ISIG - Institute of International So- ish National Defence College. Between 1997 and 2002 he was appointed as Secretary of ciology of Gorizia and lecturer in Sociology at the University of Trieste. His main fields the Cabinet Working-Group on Defensive Information Operations. Mr. Nicander is a po- of research and study are: border studies, cross-border cooperation and institutional litical scientist and has served in various positions within the Swedish national security and civil society cooperation in crisis management. His publications include ProAdrias environment. He is an elected member of the Institute of Strategic Studies in London – Protecting the Adriatic Seaways (2008) and Training Modules on cross-border and (IISS) and a Fellow of The Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences. inter-territorial cooperation (2010) published by the Italian Prime Minister Office and the Council of Europe. 6 7 Securing Air Traffic Preface Preface Magnus Normark, Senior Analyst for the Center for Asymmetric Threat Studies (CATS) On a Finnair Airbus 340 passenger flight from Hong Kong to Helsinki, the idea for a new at The Swedish National Defense College. His area of expertise is CBRN-terrorism and type of threat scenario first started to emerge in my mind. From the beginning, it was clear proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Co-editor of “Unconventional Weapons that a multidimensional project like this would have to involve both the owners and opera- and International Terrorism” published by Routledge in January 2009. Senior analyst and tors of the European critical infrastructures, governmental institutions, supported with program manager at Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) on counter proliferation extensive multi-disciplinary studies on emerging new threats of chemical, biological, radio- and CBRN threat assessments. Earlier experience includes 12 years as an analyst within logical or nuclear materials. At the time, our multinational team of experts was concluding the intelligence community on proliferation and WMD related issues. a similar type of project, Poseidon – Preventing Terrorism in the Baltic