PREFACE THE purpose of this little book is to give a short account of the historical development of our Unitarian Faith. It makes no preten- sion to completeness, for several important periods are not dealt with at all, and others only very slightly. Most of the chapters have already appeared in America ( ' A Short History of Unitarianism since the Reformation,' Boston, U.S.A., 1893). These have been completely revised and new First English Edifiolz, February 1906 material added. The book is written mainly for young people, and that is why the story centres round the names of a few great leaders and thinkers, such as Erasmus, Ochino, Servetus, Sozzini, Bidle, Lindsey, Priestley, Channing, Emerson, Parker, and Martineau. In the last chapter an attempt is made to sketch the principles and faith of modern Unitarianism-the religion of the future, as it appears to the writer. Southport, January, 1906 PRINTED BY ELSOM AND CO., HULL CONTENTS I. 11. ,111. IV. v. v1. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. A SHORT UNITARIAN HISTORY ' Many people limit the name Unitarian simply to the THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH fact that it is the opposite of Trinitarian. But look at its larger significance. 'It may well stand for the greatest The Bible from Moses to Jesus is unitarian-Growth and most significant facts of the world : the unity of the of Dogma-Revival of Learning and the Reformation universe, the unity of God ; the unity of life ; the unity started new inquiry-Intellectual upheaval gave birth to of man ; the unity of truth ; the unity of the religious the pursuit of Truth- Erasmus-The Scriptures studied in aim of the world, that is, the endeavour to get into right the Original Languages-First Greek Testament printed relations with God. All these may be summed up in our -Timidity of Erasmus-Results of his research. denominational name. We stand for all of them.'-M. J. Savage, D.D., ' The New Unitarian,' January, 1906. THE great writers of the Old Testament literature were unitarians. That is to say they taught that God is one undivided, indi- visible Being. Moses was a unitarian. The great Prophets of the eighth century before Christ, prodaimed the unity of God, opposing their unitarianism to the polytheism of the surrounding peoples. Jesus was a unitarian : so were his disciples and immediate followers. Later writers in the New Testament exalted Jesus, but they never deified him. Growth of ~o~ma.-During the first two centuries of the Christian era, the religious THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH ERASMUS teachings of Jesus came into contact with the whom discussion of the doctrinal teaching of speculative thought of Alexandria and Greece. the Roman Catholic Church led to an enlighten- Gradually a systematic dogma coiled itself round ment and religious freedom far beyond that the primitive faith of Christians, and an elabor- reached by Luther or Calvin. ate ritual fastened itself upon the observances ~rasmos.-Among such students one of the of public worship. The Trinitarian doctrine, most distinguished was the Dutch scholar suggested by Tertullian (15 0-qo), developed Erasmus, who early in life showed remarkable by Apollinaris (d. 390) and Augustine (354-430)~ proficiency in forsaking the old path of obedience became an established ecclesiastical creed by to tradition and striking out into original lines the edict of the Council of Nicza (325). of research in an earnest desire to discover the From the date of the Council of Nicaea the truth. He travelled extensively in France and power of Rome held the civilized world in its Italy, and twice visited England, remaining for grip, so that for something like a thousand periods long enough to leave a deep impres- years unquestioning submission was the rule. sion of his great scholarship and his broad For the restoration of the faith held by Jesus liberality. we have to look to the revival of the spirit of First Greek ~estament.-He revived the study a inquiry which accompanied the great Protestant of the Scriptures in the .original languages, and Reformation of the sixteenth century. prepared the first printed edition of the New It is there we find the beginnings of that Testament in Greek. His notes to this work patient pursuit of truth which is the historical were the chief source of reference for the new line of progress towards modern Unitarianism ; liberal school of theology. As a scholar, he for the Unitarian message of to-day is the faith approached the errors of the Roman Church which has been built up by the fearless applica- from the side which is especially characteristic tion of reason to the facts and experiences of liberal thought-the side of intellectual of the religious life. assault-in a quiet spirit, desiring peace and We cannot with any certainty point to a tolerance, anxious only to know more of particular country as the birthplace of Unit- religious truth, and looking to Christianity for arianism in its modern form, nor name one man Revelatiofi, not Redemptiorc. as its originator. There were many groups of It is difficult for us to-day wholly to realize eager seekers, scattered about Europe, among - the really revolutionary effect of the publication THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH INFLUENCE OF ERASMUS of the New Testament in its original Greek, his writings was seen in heretical societi with a Latin translation to bring home the all over Europe. l niceties of meaning, and with notes making His 1ntluence.-As showing Erasmns's in very vivid applications of Scripture teaching and how his writings contributed to the suppor to the practices of the day. We have to and advancement of anti-Trinitaria remember how very little was then known of the following sentences from the the Bible ; copies were very rare and only read examination of a Dutch Anabaptist by a few students ; the people only heard the This examination (1569, Bruges) was chapters from the Gospels and the Epistles the Inquisitor Broer Cornelio (Cornelius which were intoned during church services, and and the Anabaptist examined was Hermann these were generally unintelligible. This great Van Flekwyk, who was afterwards burned at work of Erasmus was therefore a revelation the stake. I select only the sentences which to an astonished world. Froude says, in his go to show the influence of Erasmus. ' Life and Letters of Erasmus ' : ' For the first 1 In the Dutch and English Anabaptist societies, in time the laity were enabled to see side by side Arminianism of Holland, the Socinianism of Poland, and the real Christianity which converted the the anti-Trinitarian societies of Italy, and again in the Latitudinarianism of Hales and Locke, which is theologically World, and the Christianity of the Church. indistinguishable from Unitarian Christianity.-Martineau's The effect was to be a spiritual earthquake.'' Preface to Bonet-Maury's ' Early Sources of English Unitarianism.' His ~imidity.-Erasmus was no hero. He says 2 At the fermentation period of the Reformation the himself that he wanted to establish truth, Anabaptists had many features in common with Unitarians. They placed Scripture above the traditions represented by but had no inclination to die for it. ' His the papacy, proposed radical reform of the Church, would natural timidity of temper, his extreme love suppress every rite or dogma which was not expressly set forth in the Bible, preferred moral an$ practical of peace, and his hopes of reforming abuses auestions to meta~hvsical and doctrinal. Life, not gradually and by gentle measures determined his actions. If Erasmus did not dare to pro- nounce himself a heretic, he was soon pro- claimed such by others ; and the influence of 1 ' Life and Letters of Erasmus.' Lectures delivered at Oxford 1893-4, by J. A. Froude. Lecture VII. p. 120. 2 Robertson's ' Charles V,' vol. i. p. 279. THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH CRITICAL INQUIRY Itzqz~isifor: ' Christ, the second person of ' blasphemer,' ' a diabolical anti-Trinitarian,' the Trinity, you refuse to call him God ? ' etc. The prisoner continued : ' You say there Prisoner : ' I call him the " Son of the living are three persons in the Holy Trinity-Father, God," as Peter does, and " the Lord," as the Son, and Holy Spirit. If the three jointly other apostles call him, and with Paul " that are but one God, it follows that the virgin is man-by whom God shall judge the world in the mother of all three.' righteousness. " ' Inquisitor : ' May you be roasted in hell-fire, Inqz~isitor: ' These are the wretched argu- you wicked and abominable anti-Trinitarian ! ments of the wicked Erasmus in his treatise You would make a hundred thousand doctors of 'divinity mad.' " On Prayer " and in his " Apology to the Bishop of Seville." Does not Saint John say, This extract gives us an idea of the influence " There are three that bear record in heaven- of the writings of Erasmus, and this influence the Father, the Word, and the Holy Spirit ; was felt throughout Europe. and these three are one " ? ' Erasmus foresaw the inevitable result of Prisoner : ' Erasmus in his annotations violently suppressing heresy, and wrote to a shows that this text is not in the Greek original.' friend : ' Theologians, schoolmen, and monks Upon this the Inquisitor, turning to the fancy that in what they are doing they secretary and clerk who were present, ex- strengthen the Church. They are mistaken. claimed : ' Gentlemen, what do you think of Fire is not quenched by fire.' this ? That wicked anti-Trinitarian, Erasmus, Results of ~esearch.-But if Erasmus himself has the boldness to tell us we have added these hesitated, and under cover of the Church words.' Then, continuing the examination, devoted himself more to scholarly investigation he asked, ' If Christ is not God, how is it we than to public declarations of his own convic- call the holy virgin " Mother of God " ? ' tions, the methods of critical .inquiry that he Prisoner : ' Because those of your communion originated bore in bolder minds richer fruit.