02 Harjac.Indd

02 Harjac.Indd

Acta Geographica Croatica Volumen 41/42 (2014./2015.) 19-50 Zagreb, 2018. UDK 656.1(497.523) Izvorni znanstveni rad Original scientifi c paper PROMETNO-GEOGRAFSKA OBILJEŽJA VARAŽDINSKE ŽUPANIJE – STANJE I PERSPEKTIVE RAZVOJA TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF VARAŽDIN COUNTY – STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES DOROTEJA HARJAČ, SLAVEN GAŠPAROVIĆ, MARTINA JAKOVČIĆ Izvod Abstract Promet se ističe kao jedna od osnovnih djelatnosti ljudskog Transportation is one of the basic activities of human society and društva te danas igra veliku ulogu u organizaciji i razvoju prostora, nowadays it plays a considerable role in spatial organisation and devel- modifi cira prostor i način života te uspostavlja vezu između naroda i opment, it changes space and the way of life, and establishes connections njihovih kultura. Razvijen prometni sustav omogućuje brz i jak gos- between nations and cultures. A developed transport system contributes to podarski napredak određenog područja. Prometno-geografski položaj fast and strong economic development of a certain space. The transport Varaždinske županije povoljan je jer čini dio sjeverozapadnog spoja Re- geographic location of Varaždin County is favourable as it is part of the publike Hrvatske prema europskim prometnim sustavima. Varaždinsku north-western connection of the Republic of Croatia with European trans- županiju karakterizira visoka gustoća naseljenosti i veliki broj naselja, port systems. Varaždin County is characterised by high population density ali i veliko prometno-geografsko značenje. Prometni sustav Varaždinske and a large number of settlements, and by its signifi cant transport geo- županije dobro je razvijen. Planirana izgradnja brze ceste Varaždin- graphic importance. The transport system of Varaždin County is well de- Ivanec-Krapina ima veliko značenje za sjeverozapadnu Hrvatsku zbog veloped. The planned construction of the Varaždin-Ivanec-Krapina express povezivanja dvaju županijskih središta, Varaždina i Krapine. Cilj rada road is signifi cant for northwest Croatia as it links two county centres, i.e. jest prikazati i analizirati sadašnje stanje prometnog sustava Varaždin- Varaždin and Krapina. The objective of this paper is to outline and analyse ske županije te ukazati na perspektive njegovog daljnjeg razvoja koji the current status of the Varaždin County transport system and to indicate prelazi okvir same županije. the perspectives for its further development beyond the county borders. Ključne riječi: prometni sustav, Varaždinska županija, Varaždin, Key words: transport system, Varaždin County, Varaždin, Varaždin- brza cesta Varaždin-Ivanec-Krapina Ivanec-Krapina express road UVOD INTRODUCTION Prostor Varaždinske županije svojim prometno-ge- The transport geographic location of Varaždin Coun- ografskim položajem predstavlja dio sjeverozapadnog ty makes it a part of the north-western connection of the spoja Republike Hrvatske prema europskim prometnim Republic of Croatia with European transport systems. sustavima. S obzirom na visoku gustoću naseljenosti i ve- Given the high population density and large number of liki broja naselja, ali i veliko prometno-geografsko znače- settlements, as well as the great transport geographic im- nje ovog prostora, prometni sustav Varaždinske županije portance of this region, the transport system of Varaždin dobro je razvijen iako se susreće s mnogim problemima, County is well developed despite certain issues, such as kao što su zastarjelost i dotrajalost pojedinih dijelova pro- some obsolete and worn-out components of the transport metne infrastrukture. Osim toga, neke dijelove županije infrastructure. Additionally, some parts of the county are karakterizira slabija prometna dostupnost i povezanost characterised by poor traffi c accessibility and connectivity prometnih mreža. To se prije svega odnosi na zapadni dio of transport networks. This primarily refers to the west of županije kojem nedostaje adekvatna prometna povezanost the county that is inadequately connected with the A2 and s autocestama A2 i A4. S obzirom na prethodno navede- A4 motorways. Given the above, the objective of this paper ne činjenice, cilj je ovog rada s prometno-geografskog is to outline and analyse the current status of the transport aspekta defi nirati i analizirati trenutno stanje prometnog system in Varaždin County from the transport geographic sustava Varaždinske županije. U radu će se također uka- aspect. The paper will also indicate the perspectives for its zati i na perspektive njegovog daljnjeg razvoja čiji značaj further development, whose importance goes beyond the prelazi okvir same županije. borders of the county itself. 19 D. Harjač, S. Gašparović, M. Jakovčić: Acta Geogr. Croatica, vol. 41/42 (2014./2015.), 19-50, 2018. Prometno-geografska obilježja Varaždinske županije – stanje i perspektive razvoja METODE RADA METHODS U ovom radu primjenjena je uobičajena metodo- This paper employs the usual methodology for the logija analize prometne mreže putem teorije grafa koja analysis of transport networks, i.e. graph theory, which is predstavlja temeljni alat za analizu prometne mreže te the basic tool for the analysis of transport networks and se koristi pri istraživanju prometno-geografske proble- transport geographic issues (Rodrigue et al., 2017). Fol- matike (Rodrigue i dr., 2017). Nakon uvodnih postavki, lowing the introductory hypotheses, the fi rst part of the u prvom će se dijelu rada analizirati općenite prometno- paper analyses the general transport geographic features of geografske značajke Varaždinske županije te utjecaj pri- Varaždin County and the impacts of physical geographic, rodno-geografskih, ekonomskih, tehnoloških, političkih, economic, technological, political, social and historic fac- socijalnih i povijesnih čimbenika na razvoj prometnih tors on the development of the transport networks in the mreža Varaždinske županije. Drugi dio rada odnosi se na county. The second part of the paper provides an analysis analizu prometnih mreža Varaždinske županije. U radu of the Varaždin County transport networks. The paper anal- će se analizirati mreža cestovnog, željezničkog i zračnog yses road, railway and air transport networks, while inland prometa, dok se riječni promet neće posebno analizirati waterways transport will not be analysed due to its poor zbog izrazito slabe razvijenosti i marginalnog značenja. development and marginal importance. To show the devel- Za prikaz razvijenosti cestovne i željezničke prometne opment level of the road and railway transport networks, mreže koristiti će se matematički pokazatelji: prostorna mathematical indicators will be used: spatial density (Gp) gustoća (Gp) (duljina prometnica (u kilometrima) na je- (road length (in kilometres) per unit surface (100 km2)), diničnu površinu (100 km2)), demografska gustoća (Gd) demographic density (Gd) (road length (in kilometres) per (duljina prometnica (u kilometrima) na 10000 stanovni- 10,000 inhabitants) and Engel’s coeffi cient (E) as a syn- ka) te Engelov koefi cijent (E) kao sintetički pokazatelj thetic indicator that combines the features of spatial and koji ujedinjuje značajke prostorne i demografske gustoće. demographic density. They are calculated by applying the Oni su izračunati po sljedećim formulama: following formulae: pri čemu je: Where: Gp = prostorna gustoća Gp = spatial density Gd = demografska gustoća Gd = demographic density E = Engelov koefi cijent E = Engel’s coeffi cient D = duljina prometnica D = road length P = površina istraživanog prostora P = area S = broj stanovnika istraživanog prostora S = population Za analizu povezanosti cestovne prometne mreže To analyse road network connectivity, mathematical koristit će se odabrani matematički indeksi u okviru teo- indices from (topological) graph theory will be used: alpha, rije (topološkog) grafa: alfa, beta i gama indeks (više u: beta and gamma indices (for more information, see: Ilić, Ilić, 1994.; Rodrigue i dr., 2017). Za njihovo je izračuna- 1994; Rodrigue et al., 2017). For their calculation, a topo- vanje bilo potrebno izraditi topološki graf cestovne mreže logical graph of the Varaždin County road network was com- Varaždinske županije kako bi se dobio broj čvorova (v) i piled to obtain the number of vertices (v) and the number broj veza (l) u toj prometnoj mreži. Čvorovi predstavljaju of links (l) in that transport network. Vertices or junctions raskrižja, granične prijelaze, završetke prometne mreže u are crossroads, border crossings and road network terminals prostoru odnosno u okviru granica istraživanoga prostora. within the limits of the survey zone. Links are roads. The al- 20 D. Harjač, S. Gašparović, M. Jakovčić: Acta Geogr. Croatica, vol. 41/42 (2014/2015), 19-50, 2018 Transport geographic characteristics of Varaždin County – status and development perspectives Veze predstavljaju prometnice (ceste). Alfa indeks pri- pha index gives the ratio of the number of existing closed cir- kazuje odnos broja postojećih zatvorenih kružnica u to- cuits in the topological graph and the highest possible num- pološkom grafu i najvećega mogućeg broja kružnica, pri ber of circuits, where circuits represent alternative links. The čemu kružnice predstavljaju alternativne veze. Beta indeks beta index gives the simple relationship between the number prikazuje jednostavan međudonos broja veza i broja čvo- of links and the number of vertices in the topological graph. rova u topološkom grafu. Gama indeks prikazuje odnos The gamma index gives the ratio of the existing number of postojećeg broja veza i maksimalno

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