A Unified Electro-Gravity (UEG) Theory of Nature Nirod K. Das New York University Copyright c 2018 by Nirod K. Das. All Rights Reserved. Registration # TXu 2-128-436, December 20, 2018 i Table of Contents Introduction................................................................................................ (Page 1) Part-I: Unified Electro-Gravity (UEG) Theory in the Small Scale: Particle Physics and Quantum Mechanics .................................(Page 3) 1. A New Unified Electro-Gravity Theory for the Electron................(Page 4) 2. A Generalized Unified Electro-Gravity (UEG) Model Applicable to All El- ementary Particles ............................................................................(Page 14) 3. Unified Electro-Gravity (UEG) Theory and Quantum Electrodynamics ..........................................................................................................(Page 31) Part-II: Extension of the Unified Electro-Gravity (UEG) Theory to Physics in the Large Scale: Stellar, Galactic and Cosmology Models ..........................................................................................................(Page 43) 4. Unified Electro-Gravity (UEG) Theory Applied to Stellar Gravitation, and the Mass-Luminosity Relation (MLR)..............................................(Page 44) 5. Unified Electro-Gravity (UEG) Theory Applied to Spiral Galaxies.............. ..........................................................................................................(Page 59) 6. A Unified Electro-Gravity (UEG) Model as a Substitute for Super-Massive Black Holes (SMBH) at Galactic Centers.........................................(Page 69) 7. The Unified Electro-Gravity (UEG) Theory Applied to Cosmology............... ..........................................................................................................(Page 74) Part-III: Derivation of the Maxwell's Equations of Electromag- netic Theory from First Principles, which Supersede Newtonian Mechanics ...................................................................................................(Page 87) 8. A New Approach to Teaching Maxwell's Equations, as Derived from Simple Relativistic Transformation Principles: A Tutorial ..........................(Page 88) 9. Deriving the Newton's Laws from the Maxwell's Equations - Basic Concepts of Charge and Space-Time Supersede All Mechanical Principles ......(Page 121) ii Introduction A collection of papers, describing a new theory unifying electrical, gravitational as well as mechanical concepts are presented. The papers demonstrate the generality and validity of of the unified theory, as applied to a diverse set of fundamental problems, covering elementary particles in the small scale, as well as stellar, galactic and cosmological models in the large scale. The papers are listed in three major sub-groups: The Part-I covers three papers applied to problems in the smallest scale of nature. The first paper introduces the new unified electro-gravity (UEG) theory to the most basic elementary particle - the electron. The UEG theory allows the electron to be modeled first as a static charge, without any spinning effects, which is self-consistently balanced as a stable particle. The second paper extends the static UEG theory, by including higher- order UEG effects, to model other elementary particles, which may be made of a single spherical charge layer located at different specific radii, or may consist of multiple charge layers to form composite charged or neutral particles. These particles may include all known particles - fermions or bosons - of the standard model of particle physics, such as a proton, neutron, neutrino and possibly even a Higgs, W or Z boson. The static UEG theory of the first paper is extended in the third paper, to model a dynamic electron structure that includes spinning, where the spinning motion is self-supported by new UEG effects due to the moving charge. Although the third paper explicitly models the electron, the basic concepts can be extended and generalized as well to other elementary particles. This electrodynamic UEG model is consistent with the basic quantum mechanics, and can consistently explain many quantum electrodynamic phenomena without having to simply accept them as some \special quantum effects”, as they are currently understood. These include discovery of the origin of the fine-structure constant and the Plank's constant, explaining charge quantization, wave-particle duality and the photon concept. The Part II of the papers extends the UEG theory to problems in the large scales of nature, presented in four papers. The fist paper models stellar gravitation, as per the new UEG theory, in order to re-evaluate the stellar mass-luminosity relation (MLR). This is accomplished by modeling UEG effects of stellar radiation on gravitation between binary stars, which determines the orbital dynamics of the binary stars, as well as on self- gravitation of a star, which determines the star's light output through nuclear reaction. Measured luminosity and orbital parameters of binary stars, supported by the new theory, lead to a revised MLR, where the actual mass of a star is found to be less - significantly less for highly luminous stars - than the currently believed mass. It is discovered that the actual mass of Sun, the lone star in our solar system, is about half of the gravitational mass which is currently estimated based on Newtonian gravitation. The other half of the Sun's gravitational mass is the result of the new UEG effect due to the Sun's radiation. The theory is similarly extended in the following two papers, in order to model gravitation in a spiral galaxy by including the new UEG effect due to the galaxy's light distribution. The new UEG effect would explain galactic rotation without need for any hypothetical \dark matter" (second paper) as well as explain gravitation at the galactic center without requiring any \super-massive black hole (SMBH)" (third paper). The fourth paper ex- tends the UEG theory in the largest possible scale of nature, to model cosmic expansion without need for any hypothetical \dark matter" or \dark energy". This is possible by including the new UEG effects due to the cosmic back-ground (CMB) radiation, as well as due to future radiation from any new stars made from collapsing of the remaining hydrogen in the universe. As per the new UEG theory, the electric charge and its force fields are the origin of all material mass, as well as of all forms of forces and energy. Accordingly, one may expect Copyright # TXu 2-128-436, c 2018 by Nirod K. Das. All Rights Reserved. 1 N. Das, A UEG Theory of Nature, 2018 that the fundamental electro-magnetic fields of an electrical charge, which is governed by the Gauss' Law and certain basic principle of charge invariance, must be consistent with and supersede all mechanical principles. This is because the mass, force and energy, upon which all mechanical principles are empirically founded, trace their physical origin to the basic electric fields. The above expectation is examined in two steps, as presented in the two papers of Part-III. The first paper was written as a tutorial on a \derivation" of the Maxwell's equations, established from first principles, based on the discovery of a new concept of charge invariance, which is relativistically consistent across different inertial frames. The new concept of charge invariance allows a direct derivation of the Maxwell's equations from first principles, based only on the basic definition of a charge using Gauss' Law, and simple relativistic space-time transformation. This is accomplished without any apriori knowledge of the mechanical theory of the Newton's Laws, or on the associated principles of relativistic transformation of mass, energy and momentum. Instead, the mechanical principles of the Newton's Laws can now be \derived" from the Maxwell's equations, as presented in the second paper, by deriving and relating the forces between specific charges under different conditions of motion, as they are observed in two inertial frames. The resulting transformation relations for the forces, so derived directly from the Maxwell's equations, would dictate the basic relations of the Newton's Laws, that must be satisfied in order to be consistent with the electrical principles of the Maxwell's equations. The combined results of the two papers essentially unify the basic electrical principles with the mechanical principles of the Newton's Laws, making the Newton's Laws theoretically redundant. The unification of electrical or electromagnetic concepts with the Newton's Laws in Part-III, together with the unification of electricity and gravitation in Parts I and II, would establish a new unified paradigm to model any physical phenomena of nature. This would make the weak, strong forces and quantum theory of elementary particles, and the hypothetical dark matter and dark energy of astrophysics and cosmology, theoretically redundant. This is the closest we have come to a complete unified theory of everything (TOE), which has been the ultimate aspiration of physical sciences. The basic UEG theory is remarkably validated in all the collected papers, but it is still not fully rigorous. A fully rigorous UEG theory would require future development of a complete, dynamic unified electro-gravito-magnetic (UEGM) theory, including all possible higher-order UEG static as well as dynamic effects. Nirod K. Das New York, May 2018 2 Part-I: Unified Electro-Gravity (UEG) Theory in the Small Scale: Particle Physics and