HEIDEGGERIAN UNDERSTANDING OF MODERN SCIENCE: THE CASE OF EUROPEAN RESEARCH AREA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY TUBA ALTINKAYA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY SEPTEMBER 2016 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences _________________ Prof. Dr. Tülin GENÇÖZ Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. _________________ Prof. Dr. Sibel KALAYCIOĞLU Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. _________________ Instructor Dr. Barış MÜCEN Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nedim KARAKAYALI (Bilkent Uni, ADM) _________________ Instructor Dr. Barış MÜCEN (METU, SOC) _________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Erdoğan YILDIRIM (METU, SOC) _________________ PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Tuba Altınkaya Signature : iii ABSTRACT HEIDEGGERIAN UNDERSTANDING OF MODERN SCIENCE: THE CASE OF EUROPEAN RESEARCH AREA Altınkaya, Tuba M.S., Department of Sociology Supervisor: Instructor Dr. Barış Mücen September 2016, 147 pages This thesis undertakes the analysis of European Research Area on the basis of Heideggerian conception of modern science. In 2000, European Research Area is initiated by the members of European Union in the light of European policies on knowledge production. European Commission establishes this area on the purpose of creating a large, active and common area where production, circulation and communication of scientific knowledge and researchers are ensured Based on the analysis of official documents of Commission, this study, instead of reading this process as a neoliberal attempt to change the knowledge production process in terms of predominant market relations, discusses these EU policies on knowledge and knowledge production in accord with the Heideggerian understanding of modern science, that is, within the context of a distinct and unified epoch.Thus, European Research Area is scrutinized with regard to three foundational characters of modern science: (1) its institutionalized and (2) specialized character, and (3) its researcher. This thesis asserts that European Research Area is established and furthered by modern science as a specific and unified historical intelligibility which bases the understanding of what and how entities are in modern age. iv Keywords: European Research Area, Heidegger, modern science, institutionalization and specialization, researcher. v ÖZ HEIDEGGERCİ MODERN BİLİM ANLAYIŞI: AVRUPA ARAŞTIRMA ALANI ÖRNEĞİ Tuba Altınkaya Yüksek Lisans, Sosyoloji Bölümü Tez Danışmanı: Öğr. Gör. Dr. Barış Mücen Eylül 2016, 147 sayfa Bu tez, Avrupa Araştırma Alanı’nı Heidegger’in modern bilim anlayışı temelinde analiz eder. Avrupa Araştırma Alanı, 2000 yılında, Avrupa Birliği üyeleri tarafından, Avrupa’nın bilgi üretimi üzerine politikaları ışığında başlatılmıştır. Avrupa Komisyonu, bu alanı bilimsel bilginin ve araştırmacıların üretimi, dolaşımı ve iletişiminin sürdürüldüğü geniş, aktif ve ortak bir alan olarak kurmuştur. Komisyon’un resmi dokümanlarının analizine dayanan bu çalışma, Avrupa’nın bilgi ve bilgi üretimi üzerine olan bu politikalarını, baskın market ilişkilerine uygun olarak bilgi üretim sürecini değiştirmeyi amaçlayan neoliberal bir girişim olarak okumak yerine, modern bilimin Heideggerci anlayışı temelinde, yani, ayrı ve bütünleşik bir çağ bağlamında tartışır. Avrupa Araştırma Alanı modern bilimin üç kurucu özelliğine dayanarak incelenmiştir: (1) kurumlaşmış ve (2) uzmanlaşmış olması ve (3) modern bilimin araştırmacısı. Bu tez, Avrupa Araştırma Alanı’nın, şeylerin modern çağda ne ve nasıl olduklarını belirleyen özgün ve birleşik bir tarihsel anlaşılabilirlik olarak modern bilim tarafından kurulup, sürdürüldüğünü iddia eder. Anahtar Kelimeler: Avrupa Araştırma Alanı, Heidegger, modern bilim, kurumsallaşma ve uzmanlaşma, araştırmacı. vi DEDICATION To my family… vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to show my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Instructor Dr. Barış Mücen for his great support and encouraging and inspring advices through the production process of this work. He has been a mentor during my time in academia, and he still is. I also would like to thank my jury members Assoc. Dr. Nedim Karakayalı and Assoc. Dr. Erdoğan Yıldırım for their valuable comments and the time they allocated to me. I am grateful to Yakup without whom this thesis would not be possible. He was always there whenever I lost my way and heart. During this period, he was the source of my courage and hope. The desire to see good days with him was my main drive to bear with this process. Moreover, I would like to thank Şahin Alp Taşkaya for his endless patience and invaluable encouragements, and also for being there whenever I needed. My thanks as well to Dilem Göktaş and Doğuş Kaya for their moral supports. Lastly, I am greatful to my parents for their great love for and faith in me. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ............................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ iv ÖZ ............................................................................................................................... vi DEDICATION ........................................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ ix CHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Research Problem ............................................................................... 1 1.2. Debates on Knowledge and Research in Bologna Process ................ 8 1.2.1. Neoliberal Perspectives on Research Policy Reforms .................... 8 1.2.2. Critical Perspectives on Neoliberal Research Policy Reforms ..... 11 1.2.3. Contribution of this Study............................................................. 17 1.3. Conceptual Framework and Method ................................................ 19 2.MODERN SCIENCE IN INSTITUTIONS ............................................................ 29 2.1. Institutionalized Character of Modern Sciences .............................. 29 ix 2.2. The Emergence and Development of European Research Policy and ERA…… ......................................................................................................... 33 2.3. Institutions of Modern Sciences as the Components of ERA .......... 38 2.3.1. Universities ................................................................................... 39 2.3.2. National Research Organizations .................................................. 43 2.3.3. Professional Associations ............................................................. 43 2.3.4. European Intergovernmental Research Organizations .................. 45 2.4. Institutionalization of ERA through its Institutionalized Initiatives 46 2.4.1. European Research Council (ERC) .............................................. 48 2.4.2. ERA-Networks .............................................................................. 54 2.4.3. Initiatives based on Article 185 TFEU ......................................... 56 2.4.4. Joint Technology Initiatives .......................................................... 60 2.4.5. Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions ................................................. 62 2.4.6. European Strategy Forum for Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) . 64 3.SPECIALIZED CHARACTER OF MODERN SCIENCES IN ERA .................... 67 3.1. Modern Science and its Specialized Character ................................. 67 3.2. The Specialized Character of Modern Science in ERA and in its Initiatives ......................................................................................................... 70 3.2.1. Internal and Networked Specialization ......................................... 71 3.2.2. Multi and Interdisciplinarity in ERA ............................................ 76 3.3. Specialized Character of Research in ERA Initiatives ..................... 80 x 3.3.1. ERC and “Oecumene: Citizenship after Orientalism” .................. 82 3.3.2. The AERTOs ERANET-Project ................................................... 88 3.3.3. The European Metrology Research Programme (EMRP) and European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR) .. 92 4.RESEARCHERS IN EUROPEAN RESEARCH AREA ....................................... 96 4.1. Modern Science and Its Researcher ................................................. 96 4.2. ERA’s Conceptualization of and Objectives and Actions about Researcher ....................................................................................................... 99 4.2.1. Researchers as Human Resources in