ABSTRACT Educating the Protestant International: The Influence of Halle Pietism in Eighteenth- Century Charity Education Samantha L. Ortiz, M.A. Mentor: Thomas S. Kidd, Ph.D. Scholars have accepted the general influence of August Hermann Francke and Halle Pietism among English-speaking Protestant groups in the eighteenth century. One of the institutional byproducts of Francke’s influence was the number of charity schools and orphanages that claimed to be imitating his famous orphan house in Halle. This study will assess the extent to which claimants succeeded or failed in following the Halle model. The examples studied here do not capture the entire geographical extent of the influence of Halle Pietism, as they are limited to the personal and institutional networks mediated through the British Empire that developed after the Glorious Revolution. Previous studies have confined analyses of these imitations of Halle to their own settings without global comparison. This study also seeks to continue the recent global turn within studies of international Protestantism by including the cooperative Protestant activity in India within its scope. Educating the Protestant International: The Influence of Halle Pietism in Eighteenth- Century Charity Education by Samantha L. Ortiz, B.A. A Thesis Approved by the Department of History Barry G. Hankins, Ph.D., Chairperson Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Baylor University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Approved by the Thesis Committee Thomas S. Kidd, Ph.D., Chairperson Joseph Stubenrauch, Ph.D. Perry L. Glanzer, Ph.D. Accepted by the Graduate School August 2020 J. Larry Lyon, Ph.D., Dean Page bearing signatures is kept on file in the Graduate School. Copyright © 2020 by Samantha L. Ortiz All rights reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. v DEDICATION .................................................................................................................. vii CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 “A Truly Remarkable Time” for Protestantism .......................................................... 1 CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................. 10 Charity Schools in England, Ireland, and Wales .......................................................... 10 The Charity School Movement in England .............................................................. 10 Charity Schools in Ireland ........................................................................................ 26 Charity Schools in Wales .......................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................... 46 The Halle Model in Colonial America ......................................................................... 46 Cotton Mather’s “American Pietism” ....................................................................... 46 The Halle Model in Georgia ..................................................................................... 59 The Halle Model among Native American Tribes .................................................... 71 CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................. 81 The Halle Model in India .............................................................................................. 81 The First Protestant Mission to India ........................................................................ 81 Benjamin Schultze, The First SPCK Missionary ...................................................... 96 Christian Friedrich Schwartz .................................................................................. 101 Christopher Samuel John, and the End of the Danish-Halle Mission ..................... 104 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 108 Reconsidering the Protestant International ............................................................. 108 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................... 113 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As I consider the process of writing this thesis, I am struck by how many individuals contributed their time, expertise, and care to this project. First, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Thomas Kidd, for his continuous encouragement, patience, and guidance. His valuable and uncannily prompt suggestions and edits were deeply appreciated. I would also like to thank the members of my thesis committee, Dr. Joseph Stubenrauch and Dr. Perry Glanzer, for their expertise and graciousness. Furthermore, I would like to thank Dr. Beth Allison Barr, for widening my perspective on historical sources, and Dr. Barry Hankins, for his vocational guidance that helped me to reconsider the calling of the historian. This research would not have been possible without the academic and financial support from the Baylor Department of History. The staff at the Baylor Libraries lent considerable aid by helping me navigate its vast resources and Interlibrary Loan services. I want to extend a special thanks to Dr. Eileen Bentsen, for her guidance in both the wide scope of research and the minutiae of proper citation. The Graduate Writing Center provided me with a place to improve my writing and thinking. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to my colleagues at 1517, with particular attention to Steve Byrnes and Adam Francisco. I cannot thank them enough for encouraging me to pursue this degree while maintaining what I believe to be one of the best jobs I could ever have. The congenial community of students and professors at Baylor made this program an exceedingly wonderful experience. I am particularly thankful to Abigail, Kari, Joe, v Regina, Sam, and Skylar for their engaging conversation, insightful feedback, and encouragement. Before joining this community at Baylor, the professors at Concordia University Irvine helped to prepare me for this undertaking. Dr. Daniel van Voorhis helped foster my interest in Pietism and the eighteenth century; Dr. Russell Dawn taught me to write; Dr. Jeff Mallinson encouraged me to think unconventionally; and Dr. Caleb Karges and Dr. CJ Armstrong helped me navigate the daunting application process. Outside of academia, my friends and family have been amazing supports that have contributed to this thesis in a myriad of ways. Kristen Lewis, Jessica Greenwald, Rachel del Guidice have checked in on me, made me laugh, and reminded me of the joys of life outside of research. Keighley Reisenauer was my first friend in Waco and an amazing roommate. The ladies in my Bible study at Redeemer Waco have prayed for me and encouraged me. The members of my book club have lifted my spirits on many occasions with their care and entertaining wits. My wonderful in-laws welcomed me into their family halfway through this program, and the addition of their love has meant so much to me. My parents, Mark and Melissa have loved me so well for my whole life, as they have pointed me to Christ and have never failed to believe in me, even when I failed to believe in myself. My father has shown me how to give every new challenge all of the effort I have to give. My mother has been a best friend, a wise teacher, a shoulder to cry on, and a constant help. My husband Patrick has been an energetic and patient cheerleader who has sacrificed many moments of time together as I have written and revised. Finally, I thank God for his daily graces and mercies that have sustained me. To him be the glory. vi DEDICATION To Patrick, my dearest friend vii CHAPTER ONE Introduction “A Truly Remarkable Time” for Protestantism In a letter to Baroness Wilhelmine Sophie von Münchhausen, Lutheran minister Heinrich Melchior Muhlenberg remarked that “it has not been sufficiently recognized that this century is truly a remarkable time. For when in a good many centuries, has one heard that so many different, blessed, merciful souls have come together and tirelessly sought, with prayer, advice, assistance, and indescribable effort and expense, the salvation of the Jews and the heathen, and the improvement of corrupted Christendom?”1 Muhlenberg, writing in 1747, was reflecting on the fact that, for a time, it seemed “that even [from] the standpoint of a narrow confessional interest the whole Protestant world mattered.”2 Indeed, the eighteenth century was a spectacular era for Protestantism that witnessed the cooperation of Anglicans, Lutherans, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians on both sides of the Atlantic to seek spiritual revival such that all would know Christ as his return grew ever-closer. The momentum behind this Protestant era began to build in earnest in the last third of the seventeenth century. The 1670s witnessed the rise of an impulse to renew lethargic church bodies that failed to inspire devotional commitment among their 1 The Letter of Henry Melchior Muhlenberg to Baroness Wilhelmine Sophie von Münchhausen, February 20, 1747, quoted in John W Kleiner, “Henry Melchior Muhlenberg