Social Science Information I II r Vol. 26 No.2 July-December 1998 CENTENNIAL ISSUE With articles contributed by the Philippine National Historical Society: Between Two Centuries A Hundred. Years of Civic Education The Philippine Demographic Transition: Implications for National Development and Identrty The Ethnic Chinese in the Philippines Ang Rebolusyon sa Kapanahunan ng 1898 Ang Kumbensyorig 'I'eheros sa Iba't Ibang Pananaw Ang Kabayaniban sa Labas ng Bayan: Ang Buhay at Pamumuhay ng mga Rebolusyonaryo sa Ibang Bansa The Oil Lamp of Freedom ISBN 0116-1169 THE PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION The PSSC Social Science Information is published twice a year by the Secretariat, Philippine Social Science Council (PSSC), with offices at PSSCenter, Commonwealth Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City; U.P. Post Office Box 205, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines. The PSSC Social Science Information primarily seeks to serve as a clearing house for the exchange of information, documentation, research activities, and news on people involved in the social sciences. Since 1973, it has endeavored to be a regular and eomprehenaive inventory. of information and a catalYlLt of discussions. The views expressed by the authors of articles in this publication do not necessarily reflect the policies of the Philippine Social Science Council. Guest Editor Francis A. Gealogo Philippine National Historical Society Editorial and Technical Assistance : Ida Mae V. Fernandez, Elvira S. Angeles Circulation Milagroll J. Tolentino, Ernesto S. Acosta ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Proper acknowledgement should be given to quoteII taken from this publication. I, f Social Science Information CENTENNIAL ISSUE Contents Vol. 26 No.2 Jul-Dec 1998 MULA SA PATNUGOT Francis A. Gealogo ARTICLES • Between Two Centuries Samuel K. Tan 6 • A Hundred Years of Civic Education Paul A. Dumol 9 • The Philippine Demographic Transition: Implications for National Development and Identity Zelda C. Zablan 17 • The Ethnic Chinese in the Philippines Teresita Ang See 29 • Ang Rebolusyon sa Kapanahunan ng 1898 Eden M. Gripaldo 38 • Ang Kumbensyong Teheros sa Iba't Ibang Pananaw Emmanuel F. Calairo 46 • Ang Kabayanihan sa Labas ng Bayan: Ang Buhay at Pamumuhay ng mga Rebolusyonaryo sa Ibang Bansa Ronaldo B. Mactal 64 • The Oil Lamp of Freedom Samuel K. Tan 67 CENTENNIAL NEWS 70 PHOTO GALLERY 74 THE PSSC FRANK LYNCH LIBRARY NEW ACQUISITIONS 76 I Mula sa Patnugot I Nakatuon ang natatanging bilang na ito ng PSSC Social Science Information sa mga bagong pananaliksik, pananaw at pag-aaralkaugnay ng sentenaryo ng rebolusyong Pilipino bilang handog ng Philippine Social Science Council sa pambansang pagdiriwang. Natatangi din ang isyung ito ng PSSC SSI dahilan sa isa sa mga kasapi ng PSSC, ang Philippine National Historical Society na siyang pinakauna sa mga samahangpangkasaysayan sa Pilipinas, ang siyangnagsakatuparan ng paglalathala. Bilang paglilinaw sapapelng agham panlipunan sa pagdiriwang ng sentenaryo, siniaimulan ang isyung ito ng artikulo niSamuel K. Tan ng pagtalakay sa kabuluhan ng pag-aaral ng kasaysayang pampook at pasalita bilang isa sa pangunahing gawain sa pagbubuo ng pagkakakilanlang pambansa. Ang mga sumusunod na artikulo matapos nito ay tumalakay naman sa iba't ibang aspekto ng buhay at kabuhayan ng sambayanan sa loob ng nakaraang isandaang taon. Sinuri sa artikulo ni Paul A. Dumol ang ilang mga isyung kaugnay ng kasaysayan ng civic education sa Pilipinas, Ang papal na tinalakay naman ni Zelda C. Zablan ay nakatuon sa kalagayang pampopulasyon na pinagdaanan ng·Pilipinas sa nakaraang dantaon. Ang papel naman ng mga Tsinong Pilipino sa rebolusyong Pilipino ang tinalakay sa artikulo na isinulat ni Teresita Ang See. Nakatuon ang mga sumunod na tatlong artikulo sa pangkalahatan at partikular na mga isyung pangkasaysayan at panlipunan sa pagsusuri ng rebolusyong Pilipino. Ang artikulo ni Eden M.Gripaldo, halimbawa, ang tumalakay sa kalagayan ng kapanahunan ng 1898 bilang pangunahing panahong ginalawan ng himagsikan. Sa kabilang banda, sinuri ni Emmanuel F. Calairo ang mga nagtutunggaling pananaw sa kontrobersyalna Kumbensyong Teheros na siyang nagdala sa himagsikang Pilipino sa kakaibang kalitatibong kalagayan. Samantala, tinalakay naman ni Ronaldo B. Mactal ang kahalagahan ng mga pakikibakanginilunsadng mga Pilipinong naninirahan sa labas ng Pilipinas sa panahon ng rebolusyon. Ang panghuling bahaging isyung ito ay sinimulan ng artikulo niSamuel K. Tan na nagpapahayag ng metaporika ng lampara ng kalayaan bilang gabay sa paninindigan at pagsusuri ng kalayaan, pati na ang hamon na kinakaharap ng lahat ng mga mamamayan upang panatilihing may ilaw ang lamparang ito ng kalayaan. Bilang panghuli, isinama sa natatan.ging bilang na ito ang ilang mga gawaing isinakatuparan ng mga akademiko at mga historyador sa nakaraang taon sa pagdiriwang ng kalayaan. Ilang mga larawan at balita ang isinama dito upang maisakatuparan ang pagbibigay ng salamin sa naganap na pagdiriwang ng nakaraang taon. Sa inakala ng maraming mga mamamayan, nagtatapos ang pagdiriwang ng sentenaryo ng rebolusyong Pilipino sa taong 1998. Ang higit na kinakailangan nating bigyan ng pansin, na hanggang sa kasalukuyan ay nakaaapekto pa rin sa kalagayan ng lipunang Pilipino, ay ang mga pangyayari matapos ang 1898. Ang digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano at ang ibinungang pananakop ng kolonyalismong Amerikano sa Pilipinas, ay naihudyat sa mga pangyayari na ang ilan ay nagsimula lamang sa 1898. Sa katunayan, ang kabuluhan ng mga pagdiriwang ng sentenaryo ng sambayanan ay makikilala sakabayanihan ng pagpapatuloy ng pakikipaglaban sa bagong mananakop. Ang natatanging bilang na ito, kung gayon, ay maaaring tingnan bilang simula lamang ng kinakailangang kaharaping malalimang pagsusuri sa kasaysayan at lipunang Pilipino sa nakaraang isandaang taon. Francis A. Gealogo Issue Editor 4 Between Two Centur-ies' SA1\fiJEL II{. TAN The year1998 is increasingly becoming the point ofreference ofboth public and private concerns regarding plans for major activities in relation with the Philippine's Centennial celebrations. In fact, the most often referred to event for practically all kinds ofcelebrations or promotional activities is the Philippine independence centennial grand celebration on June 12, 1998. Various meanings are given to the centennial. The business sector looks at it from the "profit and loss statement- in anticipation ofgood profitable sale ofproducts or services with centennial motifor color. The artists and artisans look upon this year as a time for meaningful creativity in designs, forms, while the literary and intellectual sector can view this year as an opportune time for works ofart and publications•.The religious sector has its own way of remembering and celebrating independence with its emphasis on religious cultural heritage. The military undoubtedly likes to ruminate on the sounds and scenes ofthe battles for freedom especially those where the Filipino army was victorious. The educated youth looks for inspiration from the young revolutionists and propagandists like Rizal, Lopez-Jaena, Maria-Ponganibon, Jacinto, Bonifacio, Aguinaldo and many others who lost their lives at a young age fighting for the ideals ofindependence. But how about those who belong to the grassroots level ofour society? How do they regard the centennial plan and celebration? The truth ofthe matter - we do not know. What was obvious late last year and in January this year was that the media has been critical ofthe National Centennial Commission for not doing enough to bring a centennial consciousness to the masses. From the perspective ofthe National Historical Institute, one ofthe coordinating and supporting government agencies ofthe Commission, the answer to the question is the Local and Oral History Centennial Seminar series which begins today in Vigan, the first ofthe 15 regional seminars planned for this year. How can local and oralhistory help? This is the One of the persistent issues in the relations issue I hope to present to you 88 you discuss between the national government and the the theme of the regional seminar series and localities is the centralization of the powers and as you look at the destiny and future of the privileges in the national hierarchy. It has country at the close of the present century. Let marked the history of the Philippines since me begin with the meaning of local and oral colonial times until the passage of two history in our time, in our century. legislative landmarks: the Local Government Code and the Autonomous Act for Muslim Mindanao. These two laws have one thing in common: the devolution of power from the national to the local units of government. This lKeynote apeech durin. the Oral GIld Local HiMory event marked the beginning of a new political Regional &minGl'-Work.,Aop of the Philippine National history in the Philippines and, therefore, has Historical Soeiety lleld ia Vigan. l1000B Sur on 19·20 February 1998. Dr. Samuel K. Tan iB ChairmlUl alld profound significance and implication to the Executive Direetoz of the National HiMorical Inatitute. development of local history. s Local and oral history is basic the local people begin to appreciate the meaning to autonomy of existence, the purpose of all individual and social acts. But for the Filipino nation which is Autonomy implies an exercise of freedom with composed of over a hundred ethnolinguistic limited control or influence from the national groups distributed into 16 regions, 78 provinces, government. It means more room for local and 1,537 municipalities, 69 cities and