KATA PENGANTAR KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur yang setinggi-tingginya kehadirat Allah Yang Maha Pengasih dan Penyayang, atas limpahan rahmat dan karuniaNya sehingga penyusunan buku ajar Taksonomi Tumbuhan ini dapat diselesaikan. Buku ajar ini merupakan hasil pelaksanaan Hibah Kompetisi Konten Mata Kuliah E-Learning INHERENT-USU 2006. Buku ajar ini ditujukan bagi mahasiswa biologi FMIPA USU semester empat (4) yang mengambil mata kuliah Taksonomi Tumbuhan dengan beban kredit 4 sks, berisikan materi perkuliahan selama satu semester. Terima kasih yang tulus kami sampaikan kepada Program INHERENT-USU 2006 yang telah membiayai seluruh penyusunan buku ajar ini. Tanpa bantuan dana, penyusunan buku ajar ini tidak dapat berjalan dengan baik. Terima kasih juga kami sampaikan kepada semua pihak yang telah banyak membantu baik langsung maupun tidak langsung. Program Hibah Kompetisi Konten Mata Kuliah E-Learning ini sangat terasa manfaatnya karena proses pembelajaran mahasiswa atau transfer of knowledge dapat berjalan lebih efektif dan efisien. Semoga program ini dapat terus dilanjutkan di tahun-tahun mendatang. Kritik dan saran sangat diharapkan demi penyempurnaan buku ajar ini. Semoga buah karya ini ada juga manfaatnya. Wassalam, Medan, 20 Desember 2006 Tim Penyusun file:///D|/E-Learning/Taksonomi%20Tumbuhan/Textbook/KATA%20PENGANTAR.htm5/8/2007 3:36:59 PM DAFTAR ISI DAFTAR ISI Halaman KATA PENGANTAR ......................................................................................... i DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................ ii BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................. 1 1.1. Defenisi dan Ruang Lingkup ......................................................................... 1 1.2. Tujuan ............................................................................................................ 1 1.3. Hubungan dengan Ilmu Botani lain ............................................................... 2 1.4. Tahap Perkembangan ...................................................................................... 2 BAB II DETERMINASI .................................................................................... 4 2.1. Cara Mendeterminasi Tumbuhan .................................................................... 4 2.2. Aturan Pembuatan Kunci Determinasi ........................................................... 5 2.3. Menggunakan Kunci Determinasi ..................................................................... 6 2.4. Jenis-jenis Junci Determinasi Tumbuhan ......................................................... 6 2.5. Membuat Contoh Kunci Determinasi Sederhana ............................................ 7 BAB III TATA NAMA (NOMENKLATUR) .................................................... 8 3.1. Sejarah Tatanama Tumbuhan ......................................................................... 9 3.2. Nama Umum ..................................................................................................... 9 3.3. Nama Ilmiah ...................................................................................................... 10 3.4. Prinsip dan Peraturan Tatanama Tumbuhan ...................................................... 10 3.5. Komposisi Nama Ilmiah .................................................................................... 11 3.6. Tingkat KesatuanTaksonomi ............................................................................. 12 3.7. Tipe Tatanama Tumbuhan ................................................................................. 13 3.8. Satu Takson Satu Nama .................................................................................... 14 BAB IV KELAS CHAROPHYCEAE (CHARACEAE) (Ganggang Karang) .... 15 BAB V KELAS PHAEOPHYCEAE (Ganggang Pirang) ................................. 17 5.1. Bangsa Phaeosporales ..................................................................................... 17 5.2. Bangsa Laminariles .......................................................................................... 18 5.3. Bangsa Dictyotales .......................................................................................... 20 5.4. Bangsa Fucales ................................................................................................ 20 BAB VI KELAS RHODOPHYCEAE (Ganggang Merah) .............................. 22 file:///D|/E-Learning/Taksonomi%20Tumbuhan/Textbook/DAFTAR%20ISI.htm (1 of 4)5/8/2007 3:37:00 PM DAFTAR ISI 6.1. Anak kelas BANGIEAEA (PROTOFLORIDEAE) .......................................... 22 6.2. Anak kelas FLORIDEAE .................................................................................. 22 BAB VII LICHENES (Lumut Kerak) ............................................................... 25 7.1. Kelas ASCOLICHENES ............................................................................... 26 7.2. Kelas BASIDIOLICHENES (HYMENOLICHENES) .................................. 26 BAB VIII DIVISI BRYOPHYTE(Tumbuhan Lumut) .................................... 27 8.1. KELAS HEPATICAE (LUMUT HATI) ....................................................... 28 8.1.1. Bangsa Anthocerotales (Lumut Tanduk) .................................................... 28 8.1.2. Bangsa Marchantiales .................................................................................. 29 8.1.3. Bangsa jungermaniales ................................................................................. 29 8.2. KELAS MUSCI (LUMUT DAUN) ............................................................... 30 8.2.1. Bangsa Andreaeales ...................................................................................... 32 8.2.2. Bangsa Sphagnales ( Lumut Gambut ) ........................................................ 32 8.2.3. Bangsa Bryales ............................................................................................ 33 BAB IX PTERIDOPHYTA (Tumbuhan Paku) ............................................... 37 BAB X KELAS PSILOPHYTINAE (Paku Purba) ........................................... 42 10.1. Bangsa Psilophytales (Paku Telanjang) ........................................................ 42 10.2. Bangsa Psilotales ........................................................................................... 43 BAB XI KELAS LYCOPODINAE ( Paku Rambat atau Paku Kawat ) ........... 45 11.1. Bangsa Lycopodiales .................................................................................... 45 11.2. Bangsa Selaginellales (Paku Rane, Paku Lumut) .......................................... 47 11.3. Bangsa Lepidodendrales ............................................................................... 48 11.4. Bangsa Isoetales ........................................................................................... 49 BAB XII KELAS EQUISETINAE (Paku Ekor Kuda) .................................... 51 12.1. Bangsa Equisetales ........................................................................................ 51 12.2. Bangsa Sphenophyllales ............................................................................... 54 12.3. Bangsa Protoarticulatales ………………………………………………….. 55 BAB XIII KELAS FILICINAE (Paku Sejati) …............................................... 56 13.1. Leptosporangiate (Filices) …………………………………………………. 56 13.2. Anak Kelas Hydropterides (Paku Air) …………………………………….. 63 BAB XIV PRIMOFILICES …………………………………………………… 67 BAB XV FITOGRAFI ........................................................................................ 68 file:///D|/E-Learning/Taksonomi%20Tumbuhan/Textbook/DAFTAR%20ISI.htm (2 of 4)5/8/2007 3:37:00 PM DAFTAR ISI 15.1. Kormus dan Bagian-bagiannya ..................................................................... 68 15.2. Akar (radix) .................................................................................................. 69 15.3. Batang (caulis) ............................................................................................. 73 15.4. Daun (folium) ................................................................................................. 78 15.5. Bagian-bagian lain pada tumbuhan, metamorfosis akar, batang, dan daun .... 100 15.6. Alat Perkembangbiakan (Organum Reproductivum) .................................... 103 15.6.1. Bunga (flos) ............................................................................................. 103 15.6.2. Bagian-bagian Bunga ............................................................................... 109 15.7. Buah (Fructus) .......................................................................................... 114 15.8. Biji (Semen) ................................................................................................ 117 15.9. Lembaga (Embryo) ..................................................................................... 120 BAB XVI DESKRIPSI ..................................................................................... 122 16.1. Defenisi dan Kepentingan ........................................................................... 122 16.2. Bentuk dan Isi Deskripsi ............................................................................. 122 BAB XVII PENCIRIAN ................................................................................... 123 17.1. Defenisi ........................................................................................................ 123 17.2. Macam Sifat Taksonomi ............................................................................