DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIBECTOR BULLETIN 557 STATE OF WASHINGTON 1896 TO 1913, INCLUSIVE R. B. MARSHALL, CHIEF GEOGRAPHER WORK FROM 1909 TO 1913, INCLUSIVE, DONE IN COOPERATION WITH THE STATE HENRY LANDES, STATE GEOLOGIST WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1914 ELEVATION OF MOUNT BAINIEB. The elevation of the highest snow-capped summit of Mount Rainier was determined by C. H. Birdseye in 1913 from carefully checked vertical angles based on spirit-level elevation of McClure Rock. The distance between McClure Rock and Crater, a station marked by a rock cairn on the bare south rim of the mountain, was computed from triangulation data. The distance from Crater to the summit, which is 980 feet, was measured by stadia and checked by plane-table intersections. The elevation of Crater is 14,267 feet and that of the summit 14,408 feet. Mount Rainier is, so far as known, the second highest point in the United States. CONTENTS. Page. Introduction............................................................... 5 Cooperation..........................-...............:.................. 5 Previous publication.................................................. 5 Personnel............................................................. 5 Classification.......................................................... 5 Bench marks........................................................... 6 Datum............................................................... 6 Topographic maps...................................................... 7 Precise leveling............................................................ 7 Cedar Lake, Ellensburg, Mount Stuart, Pasco, Prosser, Snoqualmie, Tacoma, Wallula, Yakima, and Zillah quadrangles (Franklin, King, Kittitas, Pierce, and Walla Walla counties)............................ 7 Primary leveling........................................................... 16 Asotin, Oakesdale, Pullman, and Spokane quadrangles (Garfield, Spokane, and Whitman counties).............................................. 16 Connell, Othello, Pacific Lake, Pasco, Ritzville, and Rock Lake quad­ rangles (Adams, Franklin, Lincoln, and Spokane counties).............. 25 Chewelah, Colville, Davenport, Marcus, Reardan, and Wilbur quadrangles (Ferry, Lincoln, Spokane, and Stevens counties)....................... 30 Chopaka, Keller, Okanogan, Osoyoos, and Republic quadrangles (Douglas, Ferry, and Okanogan counties)........................................ 34 Bacon, Chelan, Coulee City, Hicksville, Jameson, Moses Lake, and Wilson Creek quadrangles (Chelan, Douglas, and Grant counties)............... 46 Fordnah, Haven, and Mitchell quadrangles (Benton, Franklin, and Grant counties) ............................:............................... 53 Beverly, Ephrata, Malaga, Palisades, Quincy, Redrock, Trinidad, Wenat- chee, Winchester, and Yakima quadrangles (Chelan, Douglas, Grant, and Kittitas counties).................................................... 58 Ellensburg and Mount Aix quadrangles (Kittitas, Lewis, Pierce, and Yakima counties)................................................... 66 Chiwaukum, Mount Stuart, Skykomish, Snoqualmie, and Sultan quad­ rangles (Chelan, King, Kittitas, Pierce, and Snohomish counties)....... 71 Glacier Peak, Marblemount, Mount Baker, and Stilaguamish quadrangles (Skagit, Snohomish, and Whatcom counties).......................... 79 Mazama, Metnow, Slate Pass, and Stehekin quadrangles (Chelan, Okano­ gan, and Whatcom counties)....................:..................... 90 Bellingham, Blaine, Mount Vernon, and Sumas quadrangles (Skagit, Snohomish, and Whatcom counties).................................. 97 Eatonville, Mount Rainier, and Mount St. Helens quadrangles (Lewis and Pierce counties)...................................................... 105 Cedar Lake, Snohomish, Sultan, and Tacoma quadrangles (King, Kittitas, and Pierce counties)................................................. Ill Fort Simcoe and Mount Adams quadrangles (Klickitat and Yakima coun­ ties)................................................................. 115 Zillah quadrangle. (Klickitat and Ya,kima counties)....................... 118 3 4 CONTENTS. Primary leveling Continued. Page. Arlington, Blalock Island, Prosser, and Umatilla quadrangles (Benton and Klickitat counties).................................................. 123 Portland quadrangle (Clarke County).................................... 131 Anderson, Chehalis, Eatonville, Gate, Kalama, Olympia, and Tacoma quadrangles (Lewis and Pierce counties)............................... 133 ' Kalama and Mount St. Helens quadrangles (Cowlitz and Lewis counties).. 143 Cape Elizabeth, Humptulips, Montesano, and Point Hanson quadrangle (Chehalis and Pacific counties)...................................... 147 Appendix A: Elevations adjusted by the Coast and Geodetic Survey from pre­ cise leveling. ............................................................ 155 Appendix B: Secondary elevations......................................... 164 Index.................................................................... 169 ILLUSTRATION. Page. PLATE I. Geological Survey bench marks.................................... 5 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BENCH MARKS. A, Tablet used in cooperating States. The State name is inserted at G B and 1), Copper temporary bench mark, consisting of a nail and copper washer. A, C, and 7-J, Tablets for stone or concrete structures. F, Iron.post, used where there is no rock. RESULTS OF SPIRIT LEVELING IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, 1896 TO. 1913, INCLUSIVE. E. B. MARSHALL, Chief Geographer. INTRODUCTION. Cooperation. The State of Washington contributed financially to the work from 1909 to 1913, inclusive. Previous publication. All results of spirit leveling in Washington previously published by the United States. Geological Survey in Bul­ letin 457 and all results of later work in the State are included in this report. All elevations are based on the precise-level line of the United States Coast and .Geodetic Survey from Seattle to Wallula, as adjusted by that bureau in 1912. Personnel. The field work previous to 1903 was done under the general direction of E. U. Goode, geographer; that for 1903 to 1906, inclusive, under E. M. Douglas, geographer; that for 1907 under E. B. Marshall, geographer; and the later work under T. G. Gerdine, geographer, under the general direction of E. B. Marshall, chief geog­ rapher. Credit 'is given to the different levelmen in the introduction to each list. The office work of computation, adjustment, and prepa­ ration of lists was done mainly by S. S. Gannett, geographer, under the general direction of E. M. Douglas, geographer. Classification. The elevations are classified as precise or primary, according to the methods employed in their determination. For pre­ cise lines instruments and rods of the highest grade are used, each line is run in both forward and backward directions, and every precaution is taken to guard against error. The allowable divergence between the forward and the backward lines in feet is represented by the for­ mula 0.017-^D, in which D is the distance in miles between bench marks. For primary lines standard Y levels are used; lines are run in circuits or are closed on precise lines, withjin allowable closing error in feet represented by the formula 0.05 -/D, in which D is the length of the circuit in miles, sufficient care being given the work to maintain this standard. For levels of both classes careful office ad­ justments are made, the small outstanding errors being distributed over the lines. 5 6 SPIRIT LEVELING IN WASHINGTON, 1896 TO 1913. Bench marks. The standard bench marks are of two forms. The first form is a circular bronze or aluminum tablet (G and E, PI. I), 3£ inches in diameter and one-fourth inch thick, having a 3-inch stem, which is cemented in a drill hole in solid rock; in the wall of some public building, in a bridge abutment, or in other substantial masonry structure. The second form (F, PL I), employed where masonry or rock is not accessible, consists of a hollow wrought-iron post 3^ inches in outer diameter and 4 feet in length. It is split at the bottom and expanded to 10 inches in order to give a firm bearing on the earth and is set about 3 feet in the ground. A bronze or aluminum-bronze cap is riveted upon the top of the post. A third style of bench mark with abbreviated lettering (B a'nd Z>, PL I) is used for unimportant points. This consists of a special copper nail 1^ inches in length driven through a copper washer seven-eighths of an inch in diameter. The tablets, as well as the caps on the iron posts, are appropriately lettered, and for cooperating States the fact of such cooperation is indicated by the addition of the State name ( G, PL I). The numbers stamped on the bench marks described in the following pages repre­ sent the elevations to the nearest foot as determined by the levelman. These numbers are stamped with jVinch steel dies on the tablets or post caps, to the left of the word " feet." The office adjustment of the notes and the reduction to mean sea level datum may so change some of the figures that the original markings are 1 or 2 feet in error. It is assumed that engineers and others who have occasion to use the bench-mark elevations will apply to the Director of the United States Geological Survey, at Washington, D. C., for the adjusted values, and will use the markings as identification numbers only. Datum. All United States