Amines Amines are organic compounds containing a nitrogen functionality Depending upon the number of alkyl, or aryl, groups attached to nitrogen determines its classification, or order NH N N N 2 H primary secondary tertiary quaternary The order also affects the number of hydrogens attached to nitrogen (and charge with a quaternary nitrogen) Alkaloids Alkaloids refer to amines that are produced by plants They are often used for medicinal or physiological purposes (the plant makes them to cause an effect when an animal eats them for protection) HO H3CO O O O O O N N O N HO HO O morphine codeine heroin Examples of opium alkaloids – compounds bind to receptor sites in the brain Nomenclature Common names – name the amine by indicating each alkyl substituent with amine suffix IUPAC names – similar to alcohol names, find longest continuous chain and name amine as a suffix Use N-alkyl to name substituents attached to nitrogen Other Common Names There are a number of compounds with historic names NH N H 2 N aniline pyridine pyrrolidine These compounds, and others seen in aromatic compounds, use common names Substituents are named with the common name as the root N 4-methylpyridine CH3 Structure With a saturated amine, the lone pair resides in a sp3 hybridized orbital N CH H3C 3 CH3 With conjugation, the lone pair will reside in a p orbital to allow overlap O O H3C H C H C N C 3 N H 3 N H H3C O CH3 CH3 Nitrogen Inversion While a saturated amine is sp3 hybridized, the nitrogen atom can undergo a rehybridization to cause an “inversion of configuration” Any sp3 hybridized center is chiral with four different substituents N S-N-ethyl-N-methyl-1-propanamine With nitrogen inversion, however, we usually cannot isolate stereoisomers N N N S configuration Planar sp2 hybridization R configuration Nitrogen Inversion Changes the Chiralty Siince this inversion happens at room temperature for nitrogen cannot isolate pure form of either enantiomer Can prevent nitrogen inversion by two ways: 1) Create quaternary nitrogen – nitrogen is prevented to invert with four covalent bonds N N will invert cannot invert 2) Strain prevents formation of sp2 hybridized nitrogen N Strain of ring hinders sp2 hybridization Properties of Amines Amines typically have a relatively high dipole Net dipole N CH H3C 3 CH3 Have dipole for both from nitrogen to lone pair and for each carbon-nitrogen bond In addition, hydrogen bonding causes amines to have a relatively higher boiling point N H CH3 CH3 N H CH3 CH3 Basicity Another major factor with amines is the basicity The lone pair of electrons on nitrogen can act as an acceptor (hence Brønsted-Lowry base) H Kb H H R N H2O N OH H R H Can determine pKb values (just like pKa values for acids) pKa + pKb = 14 Therefore strong bases are weak conjugate acids, and vice versa Effects of Basicity The base strength for amines follow many of the same trends as already observed H H H N R N H H pKb = 4.74 pKb = 3.36 Primary amines are more basic than unsubstituted amines, electron donating alkyl groups stabilize ammonium compound after protonation A difference with amines, however, is that secondary and tertiary amines are approximately the same basicity as primary amines – due to hydration effects Resonance Effects Amines in resonance are less basic than saturated amines NH2 pKb = 9.40 Protonation prevents the lone pair from conjugation Also remember resonance considerations for aromatic rings H N pKb = 15 Protonation makes aromatic compound nonaromatic Hybridization As the percent s character increases for the orbital holding the lone pair of electrons, the electrons are held more closely to the positively charged nucleus Therefore a sp2 hybridized amine have the electrons closer to the nucleus than a sp3 hybridized amine Thus the sp2 hybridized amine is harder to protonate (and form a positive charge) than a sp3 hybridized amine (other factors like resonance being equal) N H C C N NH2 3 pKb = 3.36 pKb = 8.75 pKb = 24 Amine Salts There are many advantageous uses of amine salts First, the salt form of aniline changes the substituent from strongly activating to strongly deactivating, therefore changing the regiochemistry and reactivity NH NH 2 H+ 3 Second, the amine salt changes solubility Amines are soluble in organic phase, salts are soluble in aqueous phase Phase Transfer Catalysis (PTC) Amine salts are also used to catalyze a variety of organic reactions that feature two components that are soluble in different liquid phases (e.g. organic and aqueous) Low rate in either organic Br NaCN or aqueous solutions high organic solubility low organic solubility low aqueous solubility high aqueous solubility Adding a phase transfer catalyst will accelerate the rate (often use quaternary amine salts which have solubility in both phases) Reactions of Amines Some reactions have already seen in earlier chapters covering ketones and aromatic substitution R N O H+ RNH2 H H NH NH2 NH2 2 E+ E E Pyridine Pyridine is a strongly deactivating ring system Many reactions do not work with pyridine due to the strongly deactivating system Those that do react occur with meta substitution NO2 HNO3 H SO N 2 4 N Consider the arenium ion to understand this regiopreference Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Since pyridine is a strong deactivating group, leaving groups ortho or para to nitrogen will leave in a nucleophilic substitution Cl OCH3 NaOCH3 N N Again consider charged intermediate for this reaction to predict regiopreference Also remember leaving group ability for these nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions follow electronegativity trends ( F > Cl > Br > I ) Alkylation of Amines The lone pair of electrons on amines can react in a nucleophilic manner NH2 CH3I N H Yield is best with methyl or primary halide (this is a SN2 reaction) One problem with this reaction is often polyalkylation occurs N CH3I N H Will continue until quaternary amine is obtained To prevent “over alkylation” reaction is run with excess of amine CH I NH2 3 N H 10 equivalents The other option is to run the reaction with excess of alkyl halide In that case the product will be the quaternary salt where the amine has been fully alkylated Acylation The amines can also be reacted with acid chlorides to generate amides The amide does not generally react further because the lone pair of electrons is delocalized Acylation to Modify Aromatic Reactivity Remember that aniline is highly reactive and the amine is basic With acylation, however, the compound can be reacted under acidic conditions without protonating the amine Hydrolysis of Aryl Acetyl Group Once used, the acetyl group can be hydrolyzed off in either acidic or basic conditions Thus the acetylation of aniline derivatives are quite useful to modify reactivity Sulfonamides Sulfonamides are widely used as antibacterial agents (called “sulfa drugs”) To synthesize sulfonamides follow similar reactivity as acylation reactions Use sulfonyl chloride instead of acid chloride Hofmann Elimination Remember E2 mechanisms where eliminations occurred with either Saytzeff or Hofmann preference For these reactions the Saytzeff was generally favored due to the more stable product Hofmann was observed when the base was too bulky to abstract the hydrogen from the more substituted carbon The Hofmann product in these E2 reactions is named after amine elimination reactions When an amine is alkylated with excess alkyl halide, a quaternary amine is obtained CH I NH2 3 N excess The amine is now a good leaving group ! N N base When heated with base, the amine can leave to generate an alkene When different alkenes can form, the less substituted alkene is preferred N(CH ) 3 3 Ag2O A very common base to use in Hofmann eliminations is Ag2O, the silver oxide reacts with halide of amine salt to form silver halide (AgI) and hydroxide The reason for this preference compared to other E2 reactions is the bulkiness of the quaternary amine leaving group HO HO H H H H CH3 H H H Steric bulk N(CH3)3 N(CH3)3 E2 reactions must be anticoplanar Cope Elimination Another method to have an amine elimination from a compound is the Cope elimination Instead of an E2 base mechanism, the Cope occurs through an oxidation mechanism A tertiary amine is oxidized to an amine oxide oxidation N N O (primary amines are oxidized to nitro and secondary amines are oxidized to hydroxylamines) Amine oxides will eliminate without base N HO N(CH3)2 H H O Diazonium Salts Primary amines will react with nitrous acid to form diazonium salts The key step is that the nitrogen will leave to generate a carbocation Arenediazonium Salts While the generation of alkyl carbocations with this method is unnecessary (there are many other more efficient ways to generate alkyl carbocations), it is a unique method to generate aryl substituted products First the arenediazonium salt is generated from an aniline derivative N NH2 NaNO2 N HCl The nitrogen leaving group (N2) can then be replaced in a second step Example of unique potential products: N N H2SO4 OH ! Convenient method to generate phenol derivatives (other method is usually a nucleophilic aromatic substitution) It is difficult to generate an oxygen electrophile to perform a typical electrophilic aromatic substitution Generation of Aryl Fluorides Briefly saw in aromatic substitution chapter that fluorine substituted aromatic rings can be obtained through an arenediazonium pathway N N HBF4 F There are few other methods to add fluorine in a preferred regio manner to an aromatic ring Sandmeyer Arenediazonium salts are often reacted with Cu(I) salts This reaction is called