INST. OF A111D7 n?^t3 NBS PUBLICATIONS OF r O NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION CO 639 Q * U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/Nationai Bureau of Standards Fire Research and Safety 100 .U57 639 C.2 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is per- formed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, and the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology. THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY provides the national system of physical and chemical and materials measurement; coordinates the system with measurement systems of other nations and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce; conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; develops, produces, and distributes Standard Reference Materials; and provides calibration services. The Laboratory consists of the following centers: Absolute Physical Quantities 2 — Radiation Research — Chemical Physics — Analytical Chemistry — Materials Science THE NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY provides technology and technical ser- vices to the public and private sectors to address national needs and to solve national problems; conducts research in engineering and applied science in support of these efforts; builds and maintains competence in the necessary disciplines required to carry out this research and technical service; develops engineering data and measurement capabilities; provides engineering measurement traceability services; develops test methods and proposes engineering standards and code changes; develops and proposes new engineering practices; and develops and improves mechanisms to transfer results of its research to the ultimate user. The Laboratory consists of the following centers: Applied Mathematics — Electronics and Electrical Engineering 2 — Manufacturing Engineering — Building Technology — Fire Research — Chemical Engineering2 THE INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts research and provides scientific and technical services to aid Federal agencies in the selection, acquisition, application, and use of computer technology to improve effectiveness and economy in Government operations in accordance with Public Law 89-306 (40 U.S.C. 759), relevant Executive Orders, and other directives; carries out this mission by managing the Federal Information Processing Standards Program, developing Federal ADP standards guidelines, and managing Federal participation in ADP voluntary standardization activities; provides scientific and technological advisory services and assistance to Federal agencies; and provides the technical foundation for computer-related policies of the Federal Government. The Institute consists of the following centers: Programming Science and Technology — Computer Systems Engineering. 'Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, MD, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington, DC 20234. 'Some divisions within the center are located at Boulder, CO 80303. Mationat Bureau of Stfsotosa Fire Research and Safety O^T i 1982 <\&K O.CC CATC Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Panel Meeting of the U.S. -Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources held October 15-24, 1980, at the National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD Edited by: Joyce E. Chidester Center for Fire Research National Engineering Laboratory National Bureau of Standards Washington, DC 20234 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director Issued September 1982 f Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 82-600580 National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 639 Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 639, 394 pages (Sept. 1982) CODEN: XNBSAV Papers in this volume, except those by National Bureau of Standards authors, have not been edited or altered by the National Bureau of Standards. Opinions expressed in non-NBS papers are those of the authors, and not necessarily those of the National Bureau of Standards. Non-NBS authors are solely responsible for the content and quality of their submissions. The mention of trade names in the volume is in no sense an endorsement or recommendation by the National Bureau of Standards. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1982 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Price $9.50 (Add 25 percent for other than U.S. mailing) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT vi AGENDA vii LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ix MINUTES xi 1. PROGRESS REPORTS 1 Recent Development of Fire Retardance 2 F. Saito Recent Advances in Flame Retardance Research 11 F. Clarke Building Systems and Smoke Control, T. Wakamatsu 17 and Y. Morishita Detection in U.S.A. 1979-1980, I. Benjamin 22 Human Behavior, S. Horiuchi and T. Jin 26 Fire Detection and Smoke Property, J. Miyama 31 Discussion of Presentations on Progress Reports 39 2. ARSON AND FIRE INVESTIGATION 43 Early Intervention in Arson Epidemics: Developing a . 44 Motive-Based Intervention Strategy, C. Karchmer Incendiary Fires in Japan, T. Kawamura 64 Discussion of Presentations on Arson 67 iii Page TOXICITY OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS 71 Basic Concept of Toxic Hazards in Building Fires, 72 K. Kishitani, F. Saito and S. Yusa Preliminary Comparison of Combustion Model in 88 Toxicity Test Method with a Large Scale Fire Scenario, M. Birky Study of Toxic Gas Generated During Combustion — In ... 104 Case of Natural and Artificial Lawn, Y. Nishimaru and Y. Tsuda Discussion of Presentations on Toxicology 116 ADVANCES IN SPRINKLER TECHNOLOGY 121 Life Safety Factors Involved in the Use of Sprinklers, . 122 J. O'Neill Sprinkler Technology and Design in Japan, J. Unoki .... 155 Advances in Residential Sprinklers, H. Kung 176 Discussion of Presentations on Sprinkler Technology .... 225 FIRE MODELING 230 Laminar Wake Flame Heights, C. Kinoshita and P. Pagni . 231 Mr. Hasemi presented a condensed review of manuscripts on recent advances in fire research in Japan. These papers are included in the Bibliography Of Support Papers (page 379). The Computer Fire Code, H. Emmons . 236 Recent U.S. Progress in Mathematical Modeling of Fire . 248 Enclosures, R. Friedman Discussion of Presentations on Modeling 260 iv Page 6. SMOLDERING 265 Modeling of Smoldering Combustion Propagation, 266 T. Ohlemiller Thermal Processes in the Smoldering of Wood, 308 T. Handa, S. Yoshizawa, M. Morita, M. Fukuoka, H. Tsushima, Y. Hashizume and T. Nakamura Discussion of Presentations on Smoldering 365 FINAL SESSION REPORTS 367 Report on Progress Report Session, F. Clarke 368 Report on Technical Session on Arson and Fire 370 Investigation, I. Benjamin Report on Technical Session on Toxicity of 371 Combustion Products, J. Bryan Report on Technical Session on Advances in 373 Sprinkler Technology, T. Jin Report on Technical Session on Fire Modeling, 374 T. Handa Report on Technical Session on Smoldering, 375 R. Friedman RESOLUTIONS 376 SUPPORT PAPERS, Bibliography Of 379 v ABSTRACT The Fifth Joint Panel Meeting of the United States - Japan Panel on Natural Resources (UJNR), Fire Research and Safety, was held at the National Bureau of Standards in Gaithersburg, MD, from October 15 through 24, 1980. The meeting consisted of in-depth technical sessions on arson and fire investigation, toxicity of combustion products, advances in sprinkler technology, and fire modeling. Progress reports briefly covered fire retardance, building design, smoke control, human behaviors in fires, and fire protection. Two days of informal sessions were held on toxicity, human behavior, detection and smoke properties, sprinklers, smoldering, and fire modeling. This meeting was held in conjunction with the Center for Fire Research's Annual Conf erence* which included United States presentations of related technical subjects. The proceedings include the technical papers presented at the UJNR meeting along with the ensuing discussion and the summary reports prepared by each session chairperson. The first meeting of the UJNR Panel on Fire Research and Safety was held in Washington, DC, from April 7-8, 1976, where the current activities in the United States and Japan on fire research and safety were intro- duced. After this exchange, the following six topics were selected for initial cooperation: toxicity, building systems, human behavior, smoke control, detection and smoke properties, and modeling of fire. The participants resolved that the sixth meeting, to be held in Tokyo, would cover the following topics in-depth: (1) building systems and smoke control, (2) human behavior, (3) fire modeling, and (4) toxicity. Progress reports will be submitted in the areas of human behavior, fire modeling, toxicity, sprinklers, detectors, fire and smoke retardants, fire investigation techniques, and building systems and smoke control.