HTTPS://JOURNALS.KU.EDU/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSTABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANSREPTILES • VOL &15, AMPHIBIANS NO 4 • DEC 2008 • 27(3):543–545189 • DEC 2020 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY TABLEHUSBANDRY OF CONTENTS FEATURE ARTICLES . Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: ObservationsOn the Road to Understanding of the Ecology Captive and Conservation of the Midwest’s Rough-backed Giant Serpent ...................... Joshua M. Kapfer 190Litter . The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: Snakes,A HypotheticalXenodermus Excursion ............................................................................................................................ javanicus (ReinhardtRobert W. Henderson 198 1836) RESEARCH ARTICLES (Reptilia:. The Texas Horned Lizard in Central Squamata: and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry,Xenodermidae) Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 . The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida .............................................Brian J. Camposano, KennethJason L. A.Krysko, Fantuzzi Kevin M. Enge, Ellen M. Donlan, and Michael Granatosky 212 CONSERVATION413 River ALERT Road, Chatham Township, New Jersey 07928, USA ([email protected]) . World’s Mammals in Crisis ............................................................................................................................................................. 220 espite the historically. More Than Mammalsearly recognition ............................................................................................................................... and description this species. Given its....................................... disjunct geographic 223 distribution, noc- . The “Dow Jones Index” of Biodiversity ........................................................................................................................................... 225 Dof the Rough-backed Litter Snake, Xenodermus javanicus turnal activity, and apparently low population densities other (Reinhardt 1836),HUSBANDRY little is known about the natural history of than in Java, few in-situ observations have been documented. Captive Care of the Central Netted Dragon ....................................................................................................... Shannon Plummer 226 PROFILE . Kraig Adler: A Lifetime Promoting Herpetology ................................................................................................ Michael L. Treglia 234 COMMENTARY . The Turtles Have Been Watching Me ........................................................................................................................ Eric Gangloff 238 BOOK REVIEW . Threatened Amphibians of the World edited by S.N. Stuart, M. Hoffmann, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, R. Berridge, P. Ramani, and B.E. Young .............................................................................................................. Robert Powell 243 CONSERVATION RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Conservation Research Reports ................................. 245 NATURAL HISTORY RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Reports on Natural History ................................. 247 NEWBRIEFS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 248 EDITORIAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 251 FOCUS ON CONSERVATION: A Project You Can Support ............................................................................................... 252 Front Cover. Shannon Plummer. Back Cover. Michael Kern Totat et velleseque audant mo Totat et velleseque audant mo estibus inveliquo velique rerchil estibus inveliquo velique rerchil erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum fugiatis maionsequat eumque fugiatis maionsequat eumque moditia erere nonsedis ma sectiatur moditia erere nonsedis ma sectia- ma derrovitae voluptam, as quos tur ma derrovitae voluptam, as accullabo. Fig. 1. An adult female Rough-backed Litter Snake (Xenodermus javanicus) pausing in vegetation during arboreal foraging activity (A); utilizing her tail for stability during arboreal activity (B); resting after consuming a North American Green Treefrog (Dryophytes cinereus) (C), and foraging in Javan Ivy (Hemigraphis alternata) (D). Photographs by the author. Copyright is held by the authors. Articles in R&A are made available under a 543 Reptiles & Amphibians ISSN 1098-6324 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license. FANTUZZI REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 27(3):543–545 • DEC 2020 Consequently, much of what is known about the species is been recolonized by X. javanicus and belie the true nature of a product of ex-situ husbandry efforts. I herein discuss pre- populations living in remaining primary forests. sumptive habitat use by these fascinating snakes and report Also, as indicated by Greene (1997), this species pos- observations made over the past 24 months of maintaining X. sesses no characteristics consistent with a truly subterranean javanicus in captivity. existence (e.g., a countersunk lower jaw, indistinct regional- Many accounts of X. javanicus have noted the species’ ization between head and neck/trunk, stout cylindrical body burrowing and fossorial nature: Tweedie (1961, p. 37) “… covered in smooth scales, short tail). In contrast, the elon- burrowing in cultivated land…”; Cox (1991, p. 280) “… gated and laterally compressed body, distinct head and neck reported to burrow…”; Greene (1997, p. 183) “…fosso- regions, and the long (to 42% of total length) and somewhat rial…” (although he did note that the “scalation, distinc- prehensile tail are suggestive of an arboreal lifestyle. Although tively enlarged heads, and long tails” were not characteristic Xenodermus lacks the enlarged row of vertebral scales pres- of burrowing snakes); Mattison (2007, p. 254) “…often ent in many strongly arboreal genera (e.g., Dipsas, Telescopus, burrows…”; Chan-ard et al. (2015, p. 163) “…terrestrial, Boiga), the three pronounced dorsal keels of tubercles might although reported to burrow.” Although DeLang (2017) confer sufficient rigidity to bridge gaps in low vegetation. At reported a truly burrowing lifestyle, he described the habi- least two “grass-swimming” semi-arboreal squamate genera tat of the species as cultivated lands (as did Tweedie 1961). (i.e., Takydromus and Chamaesaura) have similar dorsal ridges I suggest that such agricultural landscapes are likely to have as well as long, semi-rigid tails that act primarily as mobile Table 1. List of food items offered to adult female Rough-backed Litter Snakes (Xenodermus javanicus). Family Species Taken FISH Poeciliidae Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) Y Common Molly (Poecilia sphenops) Y Mottled Platy (Xiphophorus maculatus) Y Cyprinidae Golden Barb (Barbodes semifasciolatus) Y Common Goldfish (Carrasius auratus) Y Zebra Danio (Danio rerio) Y Fathead Minnow (Pimephalus promelas) Y Cherry Barb (Puntias titteya) Y Tiger Barb (Puntigrus tetrazona) Y Het Rasbora (Trigonostigma heteromorpha) Y Osphronemidae Dwarf Gourami (Trichogaster lalius) N – seized and released Honey Gourami (Trichogaster chuna) N – uninterested Cichlidae Jeweled Cichlid (Hemichromis bimaculatus) Y Characidae Neon Tetra (Paracheirodon innesi) Y AMPHIBIANS Hylidae North American Green Treefrog (Dryophytes cinereus) Y Spring Peeper (Pseudacris crucifer) Y Hyperoliidae African Reed Frogs (Hyperolius spp.) Y Pipidae Dwarf Platanna (Hymenochirus boettgeri) N – refused Ranidae North American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) tadpoles Y North American Greenfrog (L. clamitans) tadpoles and metamorphs Y Southern Leopard Frog (L. sphenocephalus) tadpoles Y Plethodontidae Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus) Y* *Salamanders in the genus Plethodon exude glutinous secretions when attacked by predators. While the snakes readily consumed these salamanders, both were left slightly distressed and unable to remove such secretions from their jaws for about two hours. 544 FANTUZZI REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 27(3):543–545 • DEC 2020 cantilevers while the bodies of these lizards traverse low veg- well as semi-fossorial, semi-aquatic, and semi-arboreal activ- etation and shrubs. In fact, I have regularly observed captive ity. Rough-backed Litter Snakes ascending vegetation in pursuit While the International Union for Conservation of of arboreal anuran prey (Fig. 1). Nature (IUCN) suggests a range-wide conservation status In contrast to the accounts of burrowing, a number of of “Least Concern” for X. javanicus (Wogan et al. 2012), the recent observations have been “along waterways,” “always burgeoning demand for these unusual and interesting snakes near water,” or “on or under dead leaves on the forest floor, could become problematic in the future. While husbandry of within 10 meters of streams” (Steubing et al. 2014). Tom this species has improved and captive longevity records are Charlton (2019, pers. comm.) described a snake “floating on frequently broken, if specific environmental parameters are the surface of a jungle pool a few metres from a jungle trail.” not addressed, the outlook for imported X. javanicus is poor. Goyes Vallejos and Ahmad Sah (2017)