FLORIDA . The Story Continues CHAPTER 13, The South (1790–1860) PEOPLE 1855: Hardworking ranchers in Florida become known as Florida Crackers. Florida ranchers were a hard working lot who used bull whips to herd their cattle. e crack- ing of the whip may be the origin of the Cracker name. How- ever, the term Florida Cracker evolved to describe many of the proud, hard-working, gritty immigrants who came to Florida and farmed the land in the 1800s. e term is still used to describe Floridians with a love of the land, close family ties, and a deep sense of religion. EVENTS 1800–1850: Plantations expand in Florida to meet the growing demand for cotton. Several inventions in the late 1700s revolutionized the cotton industry. In Britain the spinning jenny and power loom allowed cotton fabrics to be mass produced. Meanwhile, on a Georgia plantation in 1793, Eli Whitney developed the cotton gin, a machine that facilitated the cleaning of cotton. ese machines lled the high demand for cotton, which in turn led to the expansion of cotton planta- tions in the South, including in Florida, and a dependence on Southern slave labor to sustain it. American cotton production went from 156,000 bales in 1800 to more than 4,000,000 bales in 1860, of which Florida was a key contributor. Florida. .The Story Continues PLACES 1850: Leon County becomes a leader in cotton production. Leon County, named for the Spanish explorer Juan See Chapter 1 Ponce de León, was created in 1824 from a section of Escambia County. e area was quickly developed and by the mid-1800s, Leon County ranked 5th in the production of cotton out of all of Photo credits: the Florida and Georgia counties. 409 FL1 6-8_SSFLAESE607511_C13_SC.indd 1 2/17/11 10:54:02 AM PLACES 1830–1860: Florida prospers as EVENTS 1843: The Panic of 1837 leads to part of the Antebellum South. the closing of the Union Bank of As a territory and later as a state, Florida Tallahassee. e growth of industrial- joined the Antebellum South in using ization and land speculation made the slave labor to build its agricultural early 1830s a prosperous time in Florida. economy. As people and money poured Land speculators ocked to banks, such into Florida, the government gave land as the Union Bank of Tallahassee, that and money to develop numerous were willing to lend large sums of money schools, two of which are now the Uni- on a whim to nance the growth of versity of Florida and Florida State cotton plantations. Individuals bought University. In 1821 the rst newspaper land in Florida with the intent of secur- was published in the territory of Florida ing a hefty pro t from its future sale. in Saint Augustine. Railroads and hospi- Public land sales were crippled by a tals were built. In 1848 in an attempt to change in banking policy made by cool hospital rooms, Dr. John Gorrie of President Jackson in 1836. A major bank Apalachicola, Florida, invented an crisis ensued and by 1837 banks began ice-making machine that would to fail. Among the banks a ected, the eventually lead to refrigeration and Union Bank of Tallahassee ultimately air-conditioning. closed in 1843. Unpacking the Florida Standards <… Read the following to learn what this standard says and what it means. See FL8–FL21 to unpack all other standards related to this chapter. Benchmark SS.8.A.4.10 Analyze the impact of technological advance- ments on the agricultural economy and slave labor. Examples are cotton gin, steel plow, rapid growth of slave trade. What does it mean? Florida. .The Story Continues Describe how new technologies affected American agriculture, including their effects on the use of slave labor. Identify the impact of such specific technologies as the cotton gin and the steel plow. Go to Chapter 13, The South, 1790–1860, for help. See Chapter 1 SS.8.A.2.1, SS.8.A.4.17, SS.8.A.4.18 See Spotlight on Florida History for Photo credits: content specifically related to these Chapter 13 standards. 409 FL2 2_6-8_SSFLAESE607511_C13_SC 2 2/26/11 8:38:23 AM CHAPTER 13 1790–1860 The South Essential Question How did slavery and agriculture affect the economy and society of the South? Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards LA.8.6.2.2 The student will assess, organize, synthesize, and evalu- ate the validity and reliability of information in text, using a variety of techniques by examining several sources of information, including both primary and secondary sources; MA.8.A.1.3 Use tables, graphs, and models to represent, analyze, and solve real-world problems related to systems of linear equations. MA.8.A.1.6 Compare the graphs of linear and non-linear functions for real-world situations. SS.8.A.4.3 Examine the experiences and perspectives of significant individuals and groups during this era of American History. SS.8.A.4.11 Examine the aspects of slave culture including plantation life, resistance efforts, and the role of the slaves’ spiritual system. SS.8.E.3.1 Evaluate domestic and international interde- pendence. SS.8.G.1.2 Use appropriate geographic tools and terms to identify and describe significant places and regions in American history. SS.8.G.2.1 Identify the physical elements and the human elements that define and differentiate regions as relevant to American history. SS.8.G.2.2 Use geographic terms and tools to analyze case studies of regional issues in different parts of the United States that have had critical economic, physical, or political ramifications. SS.8.G.2.3 Use geographic terms and tools to analyze case studies of how selected regions of the United States have changed over time. SS.8.G.3.1 Locate and describe in geographic terms the major ecosystems of the United States. SS.8.G.3.2 Use geographic terms and tools to explain differing perspectives on the use of renewable and non-renewable resources in the United States and Florida over time. SS.8.G.4.1 Interpret popula- tion growth and other demographic data for any given place in the United States throughout its history. SS.8.G.4.5 Use geographic terms and tools to analyze case studies of the development, growth, and changing nature of cities and urban centers in the United States over time. SS.8.G.5.1 Describe human dependence on the physi- cal environment and natural resources to satisfy basic needs in local environments in the United States. SS.8.G.5.2 Describe the impact of human modifications on the physical environment and ecosystems of the United States throughout history. FOCUS ON WRITING 1793 Biographical Sketch In this chapter you will learn about life in the Eli Whitney South during the first half of the nineteenth century. Read the chapter, invents the and then write a two-paragraph biographical sketch about a day in the cotton gin. life of a person living on a large cotton farm in the South. You might 1800 choose to write about a wealthy male landowner, his wife, or an enslaved man or woman working on the farm. As you read, think about what life 1794 France ends would have been like for the different people who lived and worked on slavery in its colonies. the farm. Take notes about farm life in your notebook. 410 CHAPTER 13 6-8_SSFLAESE607511_C13O.indd 410 1/25/11 7:21:54 AM Freedom’s Road: Slavery and the Opposition Slaves processing sugar cane on a Georgia plantation. 1808 A congres- 1848 Joseph R. sional ban on 1831 Nat Turner’s Anderson becomes the importing slaves Rebellion leads to owner of the Tredegar into the United fears of further slave Iron Works, the South’s States takes effect. revolts in the South. only large iron factory. 1820 184 0 186 0 1807 Parliament 1835 Alexis de 1837 1858 A treaty at bans the slave trade in Tocqueville publishes Victoria is Tianjin, China, gives the British Empire. Democracy in America. crowned queen Hong Kong to the of Great Britain. United Kingdom. THE SOUTH 411 6-8_SNLAESE484693_C13O.indd 411 7/2/10 2:16:35 PM Reading Social Studies Science and Geography Politics Society Economics Technology and Culture Focus on Themes This chapter takes you cotton gin. You will also read about the slave system into the heart of the South from 1800 through in the South during this time and about the harsh the mid-1800s. As you read, you will discover that living conditions slaves endured. As you will see, the South depended on cotton as its economic the South was home to a variety of societies backbone, especially after the invention of the and cultures. Online Research Focus on Reading Researching history topics on the Web can SS.8.A.1.1 Provide supporting details for an give you access to valuable information. However, just because the answer from text, interview for oral history, check validity of information from research/text, and information is on the Web doesn’t mean it is automatically valuable. identify strong vs. weak arguments. SS.8.A.1.3 Analyze current events relevant to American History Evaluating Web Sites Before you use information you fi nd online, topics through a variety of electronic and print media you need to evaluate the reliability of the website and the validity of the resources. information it contains. The checklist below can help you determine if the site is worth your time. Evaluating Web Sites Site: ____________________________ URL: ______________________________________ Date of access: ____________ Rate each item on this 1–3 scale.