UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO DE INVESTIGACIÓN ORTEGA Y GASSET DOCTORADO EN AMÉRICA LATINA CONTEMPORÁNEA TESIS DOCTORAL Revolución y constitución en el pensamiento de Francisco de Miranda MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Xavier Reyes Matheus DIRECTOR Fernando García de Cortázar y Ruiz de Aguirre UNIVERSIDAD DE DEUSTO Madrid, 2016 © Xavier Reyes Matheus, 2016 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO DE INVESTIGACIÓN ORTEGA Y GASSET Programa de Doctorado DOCTORADO EN AMÉRICA LATINA CONTEMPORÁNEA Título de la Tesis Doctoral REVOLUCIÓN Y CONSTITUCIÓN EN EL PENSAMIENTO DE FRANCISCO DE MIRANDA Doctorando XAVIER REYES MATHEUS Director de la Tesis DR. FERNANDO GARCÍA DE CORTÁZAR Y RUIZ DE AGUIRRE UNIVERSIDAD DE DEUSTO Madrid, 2015 ÍNDICE -Resumen en inglés (Summary), pág. 3 -Resumen, pág. 9 - Nota preliminar. Sobre la presentación de los textos mirandinos en este trabajo, pág. 15 -INTRODUCCIÓN: Las revoluciones de Miranda y la nueva historiografía: enfoques y temas -Cultura política, pág. 22 -Modernidad, pág. 31 -Hispanoamérica en el contexto de la cultura política moderna, pág. 35 -El bicentenario de la Revolución francesa, la apoteosis del modelo democrático norteamericano y el horizonte liberal de la historiografía hispanoamericana, pág. 43 -La vuelta de lo político en América Latina. Los conceptos clave de la revolución, pág. 48 -CAPÍTULO 1: Miranda y la modernidad política en Hispanoamérica 1.1) Los horizontes de la América mirandina, pág. 57 1.2) Significado político de Miranda, pág. 70 -CAPÍTULO 2: De la “constitución histórica” de la nación española a la ciudadanía hispanoamericana 2.1) Nación española, patria americana, pág. 93 2.2) Nación conservadora y nación revolucionaria, pág. 101 2.3) Representación y soberanía, pág. 116 2.4) Fabricar la ciudadanía hispanoamericana, pág. 125 -CAPÍTULO 3: La constitución de Inglaterra. El proyecto monárquico 3.1) La libertad inglesa y Montesquieu, pág. 139 3.2) La división de los poderes, pág. 151 3.3) El sistema monárquico, pág. 164 -CAPÍTULO 4: República 4.1) Republicanismo moderno: la república extensa, pág. 185 4.2) Educación y virtud republicanas. La religión, pág. 225 Xavier Reyes Matheus 1 Revolución y Constitución en el pensamiento de Francisco de Miranda -CAPÍTULO 5: Libertad y orden 5.1) Miranda, el revolucionario, pág. 243 5.2) Revolución y dictadura en Miranda y en Bolívar, pág. 262 POST SCRIPTUM: Las fuentes de la legitimidad en la “revolución bolivariana”, pág. 280 -CONCLUSIONES, pág. 293 -BIBLIOGRAFÍA, pág. 301 -APÉNDICES: Apéndice I: Juan Pablo Viscardo: Carta a los españoles americanos (1792), pág. 319 Apéndice II: Acta de París (1797), pág. 339 Apéndice III: Proyecto monárquico (1798), pág. 348 Apéndice IV: Proyecto de gobierno federal (1801), pág. 351 Apéndice V: Proclama (1801), pág. 356 2 Xavier Reyes Matheus Revolución y Constitución en el pensamiento de Francisco de Miranda Summary Revolution and Constitution in the Thought of Francisco de Miranda Xavier Reyes Matheus (Author) The aim of this work is to analyze the ideological visions of Venezuelan patriot Francisco de Miranda (1750-1816), focusing on the two great strategies that marked the beginning of modern politics: Revolution, conducted in the former Spanish colonies to gain the independence from the metropolis; and Constitutionalism, set up to organize the regime of the new states, and to establish the main guidelines of their political, institutional and social existence. Miranda, who occupies a prominent position in the Patriotic Pantheon of Latin American leaders, has been honored by the official history with the title of “Precursor” –̔Forerunner–̕ of the revolution for Independence. The Caracas-born hero has also become an inspiring figure for the ideal of Latin American integration, due to the national project he conceived for an extensive portion of the continent –from Mississippi to Patagonia– and planned to name Colombia as a tribute to the Discoverer. Since was Simon Bolivar who materialized the creation of a republic with the same name, and largely motivated by the same continental-scale views, the judgment that posterity has reserved to Miranda has been based inevitably upon the contrasting with Bolivarian ideas and achievements. 3 Xavier Reyes Matheus Revolución y Constitución en el pensamiento de Francisco de Miranda According to that standard, the ideals of Miranda that were replicated by Bolívar win the general praise for their visionary greatness; while, on the contrary, the actions of the Liberator following the defeat of Miranda´s government in Venezuela are seen as an amendment to the political values of the Precursor, blamed by Bolivar of building “republics on the air”. The Bolivarian corrective for this weakness consisted, first, in the radicalization of the revolutionary war, and after the achievement of the independence, in the implementation of authoritarian mechanisms in order to keep the State safe from “anarchy” and dissolution. In addition, the official history has opposed the doctrines of Miranda, a “foreigner” who had lived away from his country for almost forty years, to a Spanish-American reality which claims to have in Bolivar its best interpreter, and that can only be wholly comprehended considering its own circumstances. Therefore, for a long time nationalist history focused on describing –even justifying– those circumstances, reviewing the ideological framework as a mere foreign “influence”, artificial and hardly adapted to the demographic and social structures of the new nations. Nevertheless, over the last decades the historiographical approaches have expanded thanks to the valuable contributions from different streams that result in a more complex study of problems, and that put emphasis on the multifactorial breakdown of the political phenomenon, which becomes manifest in the many strategies carried out to achieve the power, in the building of discourses and imaginaries, and in constitutional engineering. The Introduction of this work provides an overview of those recent historiographical approaches, of their methodological premises, and of the 4 Xavie r ReyesMatheus Revolución y Constitución en el pensamiento de Francisco de Miranda challenges that they pose to the studies on the genesis of Latin-American nationalities. The expanded vision towards the horizon of the Atlantic revolutions has demonstrated the need to establish reference frameworks that allow a comparative analysis of the phenomenona and categories included in those processes. In particular, and after the works of Francois-Xavier Guerra, the notion of Modernity has become an essential key to understand the context where important resignificances and paradigm shifts take place. With the incorporation of the structuralist perspective and the “linguistic turn”, used in philosophy and sociology to characterize the features of Modernity in a metadiscursive way, researches in history have turned to the study of concepts. The progress of the Begriffsgeschichte in Ibero-america, mainly centered in the development of lexicographic repertoires, are oriented to establish indicators to rebuild the grammar of the various ideological worlds. Such a rebuilding allows theorists to speak about a political culture, generated from the transformation of mental universes that is particular to Modernity. But, together with the extension of the geographical terms and the approach to the problem in the complex context of the “West”, the idea of culture restored in politics the sense of creativity, of individual character, of consciousness and intentionality. An important milestone in that respect were the works and studies on French Revolution by Francois Furet, which could not avoid, in the context of the 1989 Bicentennial, the question about the significance of the Soviet collapse. In the meantime, important changes took also place in Latin America: on one hand, military dictatorships were consigned to the past after the advent of democracy in many countries; on the other, in Venezuela, Miranda's native land, the “Socialism of the 21st century” had the pretension to amend what was presented by it as a wretched history for the project of independence and nation. 5 Xavie r ReyesMatheus Revolución y Constitución en el pensamiento de Francisco de Miranda With a renewed exaltation of Bolivar´s cult –in a more religious sense than ever–, the history of Venezuela, once again, confined itself in the autonomy of its revolutionary reason; and everything, Miranda included, must be subject to it. The present work is thus an attempt to react against that simplification, and is set in the line of analysis described above, applying it in its own vision of the chavista phenomenon. In Chapter One we propose an approximation to Miranda's figure, providing an alternative to the biographical itinerary followed by most authors. The intention is to highlight the extraordinary potential of the character to put together the different scenarios where the Atlantic convulsion took place: North America, Europe and Latin America. The Venezuelan patriot was present at these three combat areas, and occupied in all three of them a very important place, as a Spanish officer in the American Revolutionary War, and later as a close figure to the Founding Fathers; as a Marshal in the Revolutionary Army in France, acting under the orders of Dumouriez; and as a Deputy in the first Constituent Congress of Venezuela, before being named “Generalissimo” to lead the armed confrontation with the