The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage The Heritage of the Oil Industry THEMATIC STUDY James Douet The Heritage of the Oil Industry TICCIH Thematic Study James Douet TICCIH The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage 2020 TICCIH - The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, is the international association for industrial archaeology and industrial heritage. Its aim is to study, protect, conserve and explain the remains of industrialisation. For further information and how to join see www.ticcih.org. An interactive digital edition of this report can be downloaded, along with the other thematic studies, from the TICCIH website. Support for the study was provide by Fairbank Oil Fields DRAFT Cover photograph by Ruth Free Creative Commons: 54 m high derrick at the Deutsches Erdölmuseum. Text copyright © James Douet 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced without the consent of the author. 1 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................5 1. Context ............................................................................................................................6 1.1 Thematic studies .........................................................................................................6 1.2 Objectives ...................................................................................................................6 1.3 Methodology...............................................................................................................6 2. Introduction .....................................................................................................................8 2.1 Scope..........................................................................................................................9 2.2 Chronology................................................................................................................ 10 2.3 Petroleum sites on the World Heritage List ................................................................. 10 2.4 Cooperation .............................................................................................................. 11 3. Terminology .....................................................................................................................1 4. Historical development .....................................................................................................6 4.1 Antiquity - 1840s: petroleum harvesting .......................................................................6 4.2 1840s - 1860: pre-industrial production ........................................................................7 4.3 1860 – 1910: the Pennsylvania model ......................................................................... 10 4.4 1910 – 1970: global petroleum production.................................................................. 15 6. The petroleum industry as World Heritage ....................................................................... 25 6.1 Historical themes................................................................DRAFT ....................................... 25 6.2 Authenticity and integrity........................................................................................... 26 6.3 Conservation priorities............................................................................................... 28 7. UNESCO evaluation criteria ............................................................................................. 32 7.1 Selection criteria........................................................................................................ 32 8. Case studies: sites for comparison ................................................................................... 34 8.1 La Brea Pitch Lake, Trinidad........................................................................................ 35 8.2 Oil Springs, Ontario, Canada ....................................................................................... 37 8.3 Deutsches Erdölmuseum Wietze, Germany ................................................................. 40 8.4 Abadan Company Town, Iran...................................................................................... 43 8.5 Wüsteshale Oil Factories, Germany ............................................................................ 46 8.6 Turner Valley Gas Plant, Canada ................................................................................. 49 8.7 Daqing Oilfield, China................................................................................................. 52 8.8 Cerro Sombrero Oil Camp Settlement, Chile ................................................................ 55 8.9 Chu-Hung Keng Mining Landscape, Taiwan ................................................................. 58 8.10 Trans-Arabian Pipeline, Saudi Arabia......................................................................... 61 8.11 Standard Oil building, New York, United States.......................................................... 64 9. Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 67 Appendix: Discovery and Production Timeline...................................................................... 73 2 Acknowledgements The initiative for this thematic study of the heritage of the global petroleum industry came from Patricia McGee and Charlie Fairbank of Fairbank Oil Fields, the Oil Springs, National Historic Site in Ontario, Canada, who provided generous support as well as copious information about the early period of the petroleum industry. The study forms one of a series of comparative reports on the heritage of different industrial sectors coordinated by TICCIH for ICOMOS, the International Council for Monuments and Sites. DRAFT 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The petroleum industry is approximately 160 years old, its origin conventionally dated by historians to the oil wells drilled in Ontario and Pennsylvania in the late 1850s. From that quite precise starting date, the development of the new industry and its technical means was very rapid. The volume of petroleum produced rose sharply, and the number of wells from which it was pumped extended to oil fields in many other countries. The range of useful products which could be derived from refining hydrocarbons also grew. Initially sought for producing kerosene illuminating oil, the advent of the combustion engine turned petroleum into the most important energy resource of the 20th century. Petroleum’s hegemony was reinforced from the 1950s by the advent of petrochemical products - plastics, textiles, dyes, medicines, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and many more. Today, crude oil and gas provide over 60% of the world’s primary energy needs. Burning the products of the petroleum industry has also substantially increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, contributing to global warming. The heritage of the petroleum industry – the places, structures, sites and landscapes which we might choose to conserve for their historical, technical, social or architectural attributes - has not previously, however, been examined in a comprehensive way or from a global standpoint. This study aims to fill that gap by conducting a comparative review of the development of the industry so that the most significant historic sites related directly to the production and distribution of petroleum and its products might be identified and their historic values safeguarded. This heritage broadens from the production and distribution sites to include the camps and urban areas built for workers and employees, the headquarters and administrative buildings of the private and national oil companies, and the filling stations which became the most visible face of the industry. DRAFT While the importance of the historical evidence for this industry is self-evident, it is also challenging from a conservation standpoint. Production infrastructure is potentially costly to conserve, and once obsolete may prove difficult to re-purpose. Technological change, a corrosive environment and ephemeral construction materials often limit the authenticity and integrity of historic sites. The scale of production plants can be vast, and oil and gas distribution networks by pipeline, rail, road and sea are immense. An assessment of the heritage of the petroleum industry must also weigh its contribution to global warming. In consequence, historic petroleum production sites and landscapes are both rare and fragile . In many cases, the retention and study of documentation and company archives is the best way to conserve the history of the industry. This report is one in a series of comparative thematic studies coordinated by TICCIH which propose criteria by which the material evidence of different industrial sectors can be assessed. As such it is pertinent for the World Heritage List as well as to guide national and regional heritage inventories. A historical summary identifies when and where the important advances in the petroleum industry took place to help recognize both the outstanding as well as the most representative surviving sites and to locate those which are potentially significant. To aid the comparative analysis of historic properties, the findings of the study are illustrated by a selection of case studies.