2 INDEX 1. Space Technology ...................................................... 7 1.39 Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment 22 Introduction ........................................................................ 7 1.40 OSIRIS-REx ............................................................... 23 1.1 Types of Orbits ............................................................ 7 1.41 NASA New Missions .................................................. 23 1.2 Types of Satellites ........................................................ 8 1.42 Asteroid Impact Deflection Assessment (AIDA) 1.3 Launch Vehicles .......................................................... 8 Mission 24 1.4 PSLV ........................................................................... 8 1.43 Artemis Mission ......................................................... 24 1.5 GSLV ........................................................................... 9 1.44 New Frontiers program ............................................. 24 1.6 GSLV MK III ............................................................... 9 Other Space Agencies ...................................................... 25 1.7 RLV-TD ....................................................................... 9 1.45 Micius Satellite .......................................................... 25 1.8 Small Satellite Launch Vehicle .................................. 10 1.46 Mars Missions............................................................ 25 1.9 Sounding Rockets ...................................................... 10 1.47 Tianwen 1 .................................................................. 25 1.10 Vikas Engine ............................................................. 10 1.48 Chang’e-5 Mission..................................................... 26 1.11 Cryogenic Engine ...................................................... 11 1.49 BeiDou ....................................................................... 27 1.12 Scramjet Engine - TD ................................................ 11 1.50 Solar Orbiter Mission ................................................ 27 1.13 Green Propellants ..................................................... 11 1.51 Mission Hope ............................................................. 27 1.14 The International Space Station (ISS) ....................... 12 1.52 Progress MS-16 Cargo Ship ...................................... 28 Indian Missions in News .................................................. 12 1.53 International Lunar Research Station ........................ 28 1.15 Earth Observation Satellite EOS-01.......................... 12 1.54 Russia’s Satellites Launch ......................................... 28 1.16 GISAT-1 .................................................................... 12 1.55 Arktika-M Satellite ..................................................... 28 1.17 PSLV-C51/Amazonia-1 Mission ................................ 13 Private Sector in Space .................................................... 28 1.18 Project NETRA .......................................................... 13 1.56 SpaceX-NASA Dragon Demo-2 launch ...................... 28 1.19 NISAR ........................................................................ 13 1.57 Starship Enterprise .................................................... 29 1.20 IRNSS ........................................................................ 14 1.58 IN-SPACe .................................................................. 29 1.21 Space Ties with Quad ................................................ 14 1.59 Blockchain in Space ................................................... 30 1.22 Indo-French Space Collaborations ........................... 15 2. Planetary Systems ................................................... 30 1.23 Lunar Polar Exploration (LPE) ................................ 15 Introduction ...................................................................... 30 1.24 Bhuvan Geospatial Portal ......................................... 15 2.1 Definition of a Planet ................................................. 30 1.25 RESPOND Programme ............................................. 16 2.2 Sun’s Atmosphere ...................................................... 31 Other Notable Missions ................................................... 16 2.3 Solar Cycles and Sun spots ........................................ 31 1.26 Gaganyaan ................................................................ 16 2.4 Asteroid & Comet ...................................................... 31 1.27 GSLV-Mk III - M1 / Chandrayaan-2 Mission ............ 17 2.5 Heliosphere, Heliopause and Interstellar Space ........ 31 1.28 Aditya-L1 Mission ..................................................... 18 2.6 Three Categories of Black Holes ............................... 32 1.29 AstroSat ..................................................................... 20 2.7 Arrokoth ..................................................................... 32 1.30 Mars Orbiter Mission ................................................ 20 2.8 TRAPPIST-1 .............................................................. 32 1.31 GEMINI system ......................................................... 20 2.9 Saraswati - Supercluster of Galaxies ......................... 32 1.32 Mission Venus ........................................................... 20 Recent Developments ....................................................... 33 Global Missions ................................................................ 21 2.10 Entangled Photons ..................................................... 33 NASA ................................................................................ 21 2.11 South Pole Wall ......................................................... 33 1.33 Heliophysics Missions ............................................... 21 2.12 Phobos ....................................................................... 33 1.34 EUVST Epsilon Mission ............................................ 21 2.13 Asteroid 2020 ND ...................................................... 33 1.35 EZIE Mission ............................................................. 21 2.14 Venus Coronae .......................................................... 34 1.36 Stardust 1.0 ............................................................... 22 2.15 Inter-planetary Contamination in Mars ..................... 34 1.37 Perseverance ............................................................. 22 2.16 Brown Dwarfs ............................................................ 34 1.38 Ingenuity.................................................................... 22 www.shankariasacademy.com || www.iasparliament.com 3 2.17 Sarabhai Crater ........................................................ 34 3.15 INO Project ............................................................... 49 2.18 Mare Serenitatis ........................................................ 35 4. Defense ..................................................................... 50 2.19 Helium Enhanced Cool Stars .................................... 35 Artillery ............................................................................. 50 2.20 AR2770 Sunspots ....................................................... 35 4.1 Maareech ................................................................... 50 2.21 Dwarf Planet Ceres ................................................... 35 4.2 Pinaka Mark I ............................................................ 50 2.22 Perseids Meteor Shower ............................................ 36 4.3 Munitions and their origins ....................................... 50 2.23 Discovery of Exoplanet using Radio waves ............... 36 4.4 Joint Venture Protective Carbine .............................. 51 2.24 Coronal Magnetic Field ............................................ 36 4.5 Asmi ........................................................................... 51 2.25 AUDFso1 .................................................................. 37 4.6 Smart Anti Airfield Weapon ....................................... 51 2.26 Solar Cycle 25 ........................................................... 37 Missiles .............................................................................. 51 2.27 Super Habitable Planets ............................................ 37 4.7 Heron UAV ................................................................ 51 2.28 Great Conjunction ..................................................... 37 4.8 Spike Missiles ............................................................ 51 2.29 Winchcombe Meteorite .............................................. 38 4.9 Man-Portable Anti-Tank Guided Missile (MP-ATGM) 2.30 Missing Supermassive Black Hole ............................. 38 52 2.31 NGC 2808 ................................................................. 39 4.10 Tsirkon Hypersonic N-Missile ................................... 52 2.32 Saturn’s Obliquity ..................................................... 39 4.11 Dhruvastra ................................................................. 52 2.33 WASP-62b ................................................................. 39 4.12 Hammer Missile ......................................................... 52 2.34 Large Hadron Collider .............................................. 39 4.13 Laser Guided ATGM .................................................