MINISTRY OF PUBLIC HEALTH OF UKRAINE Ukranian Medical Stomatological Academy "Approved" at the meeting of the Department of Human Anatomy «29»_08_2020 Minutes №1 Head of the Department Professor O.O. Sherstjuk ________________________ METHODICAL GUIDANCE for students' self-directed work at practical sessions (when preparing for and during the practical sessions) Academic subject Human Anatomy Module №1 "Anatomy of the locomotor system. Splanchnology. Endocrine glands" Year of study І Faculty foreign students' training faculty, specialty «Stomatology» Poltava 2020 Schedule of classes for students of foreign students' training faculty, specialty “Stomatology” on module №1 “The locomotor system. Splanchnology. Endocrine glands” Hours № Topic 10 Bones of the facial skull: lacrimal, nasal bones, vomer, 2 zygomatic, palatine bones, concha nasalis inferior. 11 Topography of the cavities of the skull: orbit, oral and nasal 2 cavities, paranasal sinuses, their connections. 12 Cranial vault and basis of the skull. Cranial fossae. 2 13 Temporal, infratemporal, pterygo-palatine fossae, its borders, 2 connections. Skull as whole. Conterforces of the skull. 14 Syndesmology. Structure and classification of articulations. 2 Connections of the vertebral column. Vertebral column as a whole. The curvatures of the vertebral column. 15 Connections of the bones of the skull, connection of the skull 2 with vertebral column. Temporo-mandibular joint. Structure, biomechanics of movement. Age and sexual differences in the skull. Radioanatomy of the skull. Craniometry. 16 Connections of the bones of the shoulder girdle. Connections 2 of the bones of the free upper extremity. 17 Connections of the bones of the pelvis. Pelvis as whole. 2 Connections of the bones of the free lower extremity. Radioanatomy of the bones and its connections. 18 Content module «Osteology. Craniology. Syndesmology». 2 Step-1. Topic 10. Bones of the facial skull: lacrimal, nasal bones, vomer, zygomatic, palatine bones, concha nasalis inferior. 1. Relevance of the topic. Bones of facial skull are an initial sections of the respiratory and digestive systems. They form the skeleton of the face. The specific aims. 2.1.To have general knowledge of the topic studied; 2.2. To understand, to remember and to use the knowledge received; 2.3. To form the professional experience by reviewing, training and authorizing it; 2.4. To be able to find and show studying structures on visual aids. 3. Basic knowledge and skills necessary for study the topic (interdisciplinary integration) The preceding The acquired knowledge subjects Biology Describe the structural features of the skull bones. To find studying structures on the skull. 4. Tasks for students' individual work. 4.1. The list of basic terms, parameters, characteristics which the student should master while preparing for the class. The horizontal plate – lamina horizontalis, greater palatine foramen – foramen palatinum majus, the perpendicular plate – lamina perpendicularis, sphenopalatine notch – incisura sphenopalatina, greater palatine groove – sulcus palatinus major, frontal process – processus frontalis. 4.2. Theoretical Questions: 1. What are the main part of the palatine bone? 2. Name paired bones of the facial skull. 3. What are the main parts of the lacrimal bone? 4. What are the bones of facial skull with pneumatic sinuses? 5. What are the anomalies of the facial bone skull? 6. What processes does the zygomatic bone have? 4.3. Practical tasks pertaining to the topic and to be completed during the class: the bones, schemes, models, structure and features of the skull bones. Content topics classes. The skull is supported on the summit of the vertebral column, and is of an oval shape, wider behind than in front. It is composed of a series of flattened or irregular bones which, with one exception (the mandible), are immovably jointed together. It is divisible into two parts: (1) the cranium, which lodges and protects the brain, consists of eight bones, and (2) the skeleton of the face, of fourteen, as follows: The facial skeleton is composed of 14 bones. Paired Unpaired 1. Maxilla 1. Mandible 2. Zygomatic 2. Vomer 3. Nasal 4. Lacrimal 5. Palatine 6. Inferior nasal concha. The nasal bones (os nasale) are two small bones, varying in size and form in different individuals; they are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face, and form, by their junction, “the bridge” of the nose. The lacrimal bone (os lacrimale), the smallest and most fragile bone of the face, is situated at the front part of the medial wall of the orbit. The zygomatic bone (os zygomaticum) is small and quadrangular, and is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face: it forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossae. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes, the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal; and four borders. Surfaces. The lateral (malar) surface is convex and perforated near its center by a small aperture, the zygomaticofacial foramen, for the passage of the zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels; below this foramen is a slight elevation, which gives origin to the Zygomaticus. The temporal surface, directed backward and medialward, is concave, presenting medially a rough, triangular area, for articulation with the maxilla, and laterally a smooth, concave surface, the upper part of which forms the anterior boundary of the temporal fossa, the lower a part of the infratemporal fossa. Near the center of this surface is the zygomaticotemporal foramen for the transmission of the zygomaticotemporal nerve. Processes. The frontosphenoidal process is thick and serrated, and articulates with the zygomatic process of the frontal bone. On its orbital surface, just within the orbital margin and about 11 mm. below the zygomaticofrontal suture is a tubercle of varying size and form, but present in 95 per cent. of skulls. The orbital process is a thick, strong plate, projecting backward and medialward from the orbital margin. Its antero-medial surface forms, by its junction with the orbital surface of the maxilla and with the great wing of the sphenoid, part of the floor and lateral wall of the orbit. On it are seen the orifices of two canals, the zygomaticoцrbital foramina; one of these canals opens into the temporal fossa, the other on the malar surface of the bone; the former transmits the zygomaticotemporal, the latter the zygomaticofacial nerve. Its postero-lateral surface, smooth and convex, forms parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossae. Its anterior margin, smooth and rounded, is part of the circumference of the orbit. Its superior margin, rough, and directed horizontally, articulates with the frontal bone behind the zygomatic process. Its posterior margin is serrated for articulation, with the great wing of the sphenoid and the orbital surface of the maxilla. At the angle of junction of the sphenoidal and maxillary portions, a short, concave, non-articular part is generally seen; this forms the anterior boundary of the inferior orbital fissure: occasionally, this non-articular part is absent, the fissure then being completed by the junction of the maxilla and sphenoid, or by the interposition of a small sutural bone in the angular interval between them. The maxillary process presents a rough, triangular surface which articulates with the maxilla. The temporal process, long, narrow, and serrated, articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal. The palatine bone (os palatinum) is situated at the back part of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid. It contributes to the walls of three cavities: the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity, the roof of the mouth, and the floor of the orbit; it enters into the formation of two fossae, the pterygopalatine and pterygoid fossae; and one fissure, the inferior orbital fissure. The palatine bone somewhat resembles the letter L, and consists of a horizontal and a vertical part and three outstanding processes—viz., the pyramidal process, which is directed backward and lateralward from the junction of the two parts, and the orbital and sphenoidal processes, which surmount the vertical part, and are separated by a deep notch, the sphenopalatine notch. The Horizontal Part (pars horizontalis; horizontal plate). The horizontal part is quadrilateral, and has two surfaces and four borders. The Vertical Part (pars perpendicularis; perpendicular plate). The vertical part is thin, of an oblong form, and presents two surfaces and four borders. The hyoid bone is shaped like a horseshoe, and is suspended from the tips of the styloid processes of the temporal bones by the stylohyoid ligaments. It consists of five segments, viz., a body, two greater cornua, and two lesser cornua. Materials for self-check: A. Materials for the self-check: the bones, schemes, models, structure and features of the skull bones. B. Situational tasks. 1. What processes does the palatine bone have? A. Frontal, temporal B. Alveolar, palatine, frontal C. Alveolar, palatine, frontal, zygomatic D. Anterior, nasal, orbital, infratemporal E. Pyramidal, orbital, sphenoidal 2. Which surfaces does the zygomatic bone have? A. Lateral, temporal, orbital B. Alveolar, palatine, frontal C. Alveolar, palatine, frontal, zygomatic D. Anterior, nasal, orbital, infratemporal E. Pyramidal, orbital, sphenoidal 3. What processes does the zygomatic bone have? A. Frontal, temporal B. Alveolar, palatine, frontal C. Alveolar, palatine, frontal, zygomatic D. Anterior, nasal, orbital, infratemporal E. Pyramidal, orbital, sphenoidal 4. What plates does the palatine bone have? A. Frontal, temporal B. Alveolar, palatine, frontal C. Perpendicular, horizontal D. Anterior, nasal, orbital, infratemporal E. Pyramidal, orbital, sphenoidal 5. After collision of two cars, a driver got deformation of the palatine bone in the area of the greater palatine foramen. What part of the palatine bone can be injured? A. Greater horn B. Horizontal plate C. Perpendicular plate D. Lesser horn E. Body 6. After collision of two cars, a driver got deformation of the palatine bone in the area of the sphenopalatine notch.