INFLUENCE OF SPORTS DICIPLINES AND DEMOGRAPHICS OF KENYA’S COLLEGES ATHLETES ON THEIR AWARENESS, PERCEPTION AND ATTITUDE TO PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING SUBSTANCES USE WANJIRA JANET KAMENJU (MSc) H87/22000/2011 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (RECREATION MANAGEMENT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE) IN THE SCHOOL OF APPLIED HUMAN SCIENCES OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY NOVEMBER, 2014 ii DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university. Signature: ............................................ Date: ................................................. Wanjira Janet Kamenju - H87/22000/2011 We confirm that the work reported on this thesis was carried out by the candidate under our supervision. Signature: .............................................. Date: ............................................... Andanje Mwisukha,(PhD) Department of Recreation Management and Exercise Science, Kenyatta University. Signature: .............................................. Date: ................................................... Rintaugu Elijah, (PhD) Department of Recreation Management and Exercise Science, Kenyatta University. Signature: .............................................. Date: .................................................. Muthomi Hellen, (PhD) Department of Recreation Management and Exercise Science, Kenyatta University. iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my son, Mathenge, whose pursuit of education has been hampered by a condition he has no control of despite putting a lot of effort in academics. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I appreciate the commitment and untiring guidance of Dr. Andanje Mwisukha, Dr. Rintaugu Gitonga, and Dr. Hellen Muthomi in their supervision of this work. Recognition is also made for the effort of research assistants Maina, Gitau, Wamaitha, Kimotho, Mucheke, Bucha and Roseline Okong‟o. Appreciation is extended to my children Mwangi, Mathenge and Waithiegeni for their support, patience and encouragement. May this work be an encouragement to you in achieving your goals in life. v TABLE OF CONTENT Declaration .................................................................................................................... II Dedication .................................................................................................................... III Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... IV Table of Content ........................................................................................................... V List of Tables ............................................................................................................ VIII List of Figures .............................................................................................................. IX Abbreviations and Acronyms ....................................................................................... X Operational Definition of Terms .................................................................................. XI Abstract ..................................................................................................................... XIII Chapter One: Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background to the Study .......................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ......................................................................................... 6 1.3 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................ 8 1.4 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................ 8 1.5 Hypotheses ............................................................................................................... 8 1.6 Significance of the Study ......................................................................................... 9 1.7 Delimitations of the Study ..................................................................................... 10 1.8 Limitations of the Study......................................................................................... 10 1.9 Assumption of the Study ........................................................................................ 11 1.10 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................ 11 Chapter Two: Review Of Literature ........................................................................ 15 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 15 2.2 Basis For Doping ................................................................................................... 15 2.3 Drugs And Substance Use By Athletes In Sports .................................................. 17 2.4 Performance-Enhancing Substance Use Amongst College Athletes ..................... 20 2.5 Cases Of Kenyan Athletes Implicated With Doping ............................................. 22 2.6 Effects Of Drugs Use in Sport to an Athlete.......................................................... 23 2.7 Physiological Effects of Doping ............................................................................ 25 2.8 Economic Effects of Doping .................................................................................. 27 2.9 Ethical and Social Effects of Doping ..................................................................... 29 2.10 Psychological Effects of Doping ......................................................................... 30 2.11 Performance Enhancing Substance Use by Gender ............................................. 30 vi 2.12 Performance-Enhancing Substance Use By Type of Sport ................................. 34 2.13athletes Competition Experience And Substance Use in Sports ........................... 36 2.14 Doping Awareness ............................................................................................... 38 2.15 Perception of Doping Behavior ........................................................................... 40 2.16 Attitude to Doping ............................................................................................... 43 2.17 Summary of the Literature Review ...................................................................... 46 Chapter Three: Methodology ................................................................................... 49 3.1 Research Design..................................................................................................... 49 3.2 Research Variables................................................................................................. 49 3.3 Location of the Study ............................................................................................. 49 3.4 Target Population ................................................................................................... 50 3.5 Sample and Sampling Procedure ........................................................................... 50 3.6 Research Instruments ........................................................................................... 51 3.7 Pre-Testing of Research Instrument....................................................................... 52 3.8 Reliability of the Instrument .................................................................................. 53 3.9 Data Collection Procedures.................................................................................... 53 3.10 Data Analysis and Presentation ........................................................................... 54 3.11 Logistical and Ethical Considerations ................................................................. 54 Chapter Four: Findings ............................................................................................. 56 4.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 56 4.2 Respondents‟ Profile .............................................................................................. 57 4.2.1 Distribution of Participants by Age .................................................................................. 58 4.2.2 Distribution of Participants by Type of College ........................................................... 58 4.2.3 Distribution of Participants by Type of Sport ............................................................... 59 4.2.4 Distribution of Participants According to Participation in Ballgames ................... 59 4.2.5 Previous Participation in Primary And Secondary Schools National Competitions. ................................................................................................................................ 60 4.2.6 Number of Years Participated at National Competitions ........................................... 61 4.2.7 Description OF Doping Awareness .................................................................................. 62 4.2.8 Frequencies of Categorized Composites on Athletes Awareness of PES ............. 64 4.2.9 Description of Athletes‟ Perception to Doping ............................................................. 67 4.2.10 Descriptions of Athletes‟ Attitude to Doping.............................................................