PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY OF FIVE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF FAMILY SOLANACEAE FROM DISTRICT PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN By Mr. Ishfaq Hameed Research Supervisor Dr. Farrukh Hussain Meritorious Professor DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR 2012 i University of Peshawar Peshawar PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY OF FIVE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF FAMILY SOLANACEAE, FROM DISTRICT PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN The Thesis submitted to Department of Botany, University of Peshawar in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Botany By Mr. Ishfaq Hameed Prof. Dr. Farrukh Hussain, Supervisor Graduate Study Commuittee: Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ibrar, Convenor Prof. Dr. Siraj-ud-Din, Member Prof. Dr. Syed Zahir Shah, Member Prof. Dr. Muhammad Saeed, Member Prof. Miss Mussarat Jabeen, Member ii The dissertation of Mr. Ishfaq Hameed is approved: ------------------------------------------- (External Examiner) -------------------------------------------- Internal Examiner / Supervisor Prof. Dr. Farrukh Hussain Ex Dean, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Peshawar, Peshawar Dated: ____/_____2012 iii In the Name of Allah, The Most Merciful and Compassionate the Most Gracious and Beneficent Whose help and guidance we always solicit at every step, at every moment. iv DEDICATED TO My Parents who prayed for my success and teachers showed me the light of the day. v TABLE OF CONTENTS S. No Topics Page No Tital page i Graduate study committee ii Approval sheet iii Bismillah iv Dedication v List of contents vi-x List of figures xi-xii List of tables xiii Acknowledgements xiv-xv Publication options xvi Abstract xvii-xix Vitae xx 1 INTRODUCTION 1-6 2 DESCRIPTION OF INVESTIGATED PLANTS 7 2.1 Datura innoxia Linn. 7 2.2 Solanum nigrum Linn. 8 2.3 Solanum surattense Burm.f. 11 2.4 Withania somnifera Linn. 13 2.5 Withania coagulans (Stock) Dunal. 14 3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 20 vi 3.1 Macroscopical features 20 3.2 Anatomical features 21 3.3 Chemical Composition 25 3.4 Proximate Composition 27 3.5 Mineral Composition 29 3.6 Biological activities 31 3.6a Antimicrobial activities 31 3.6b Cytotoxic activities 34 3.6c Phytotoxic activities 35 3.6d Insecticidal activities 37 Aims and Objectives 40 4 MATERIALS AND MEHTODS 41 4.1 Collection and Preservations 41 4.2 Macroscopical Features 41 4.3 Anatomical Features 41 4.4 Leaf Constant Parameters 41 4.4.a Vein islet number and vein termination number 41 4.4.b Palisade ratio 42 4.5 Stomatal Features 42 4.6 Analysis of powder drug 43 4.7 Micro-chemical tests 43 4.7.a Detection of alkaloids 43 4.7.b Detection of mucilage 43 vii 4.7.c Detection of anthraquinone derivatives 43 4.7.d Detection of calcium oxalate 43 4.7.e Detection of saponins 43 4.7.f Detection of tannins 43 4.7.g Determination of starch 44 4.7.h Detection of fats and oils 44 4.7.i Detection of proteins 44 4.7.j Detection of cellulose 44 4.8 Proximate Composition 44 4.8.a Determination of ash contents 44 4.8.b Determination of moisture contents 44 4.8.c Determination of proteins 45 4.8.d Determination of fats or ether extract 46 4.8.e Determination of crude fiber 46 4.8.f Determination of carbohydrate contents 47 4.9 Elemental Compositions 47 4.10 Biological activities 47 4.10.a Antibacterial activities 47 4.10.b Antifungal activities 48 4.10.c Cytotoxic activities 48 4.10.d Phytotoxic activities 49 4.10.e Insecticidal activities 50 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 52 viii 5.1 Macroscopical Features 52 5.1a Roots 52 5.1b Stems 52 5.1c Leaves 53 5.1d Fruits 55 5.2 Anatomical Features 60 5.2a Root 60 5.2b Stem 66 5.2c Leaf 74 5.3 Leaf Constant Parameters 88 5.4 Stomatal features 92 5.5 Powder drug composition 102 5.6 Micro-chemical tests 111 5.7 Proximate Composition 114 5.7.a Ash contents 114 5.7.b Moisture contents 114 5.7.c Crude proteins 115 5.7.d Crude fats or ether extract 116 5.7.e Crude fiber 117 5.7.f Carbohydrate contents 118 5.8 Mineral composition 121 5.8.1 Micro-elements 121 5.8.1.a Chromium (Cr) 121 ix 5.8.1.b Zinc (Zn) 121 5.8.1.c Copper (Cu) 123 5.8.1.d Manganese (Mn) 123 5.8.2 Macro-elements 124 5.8.2.a Iron (Fe) 124 5.8.2.b Calcium (Ca) 125 5.8.2.c Potassium (K) 125 5.8.2.d Magnessium (Mg) 126 5.8.2.e Sodium (Na) 127 5.9 Pharmacological activities 133 5.9.1 Antibacterial activities 133 5.9.2 Antifungal activities 141 5.9.3 Cytotoxic activities 149 5.9.4 Phytotoxic activities 152 5.9.5 Insecticidal activities 160 6 CONCLUSIONS 168 7 GENERAL SUGGESTIONS AND 170-171 RECOMMENDATIONS 8 REFERENCES 172-202 x LIST OF FIGURES Fig. No Figures Page No Fig. 1 Datura innoxia Miller. 17 Fig. 2 Datura innoxia Miller. Fruit 17 Fig. 3 Solanum nigrum Linn. 18 Fig. 4 Solanum surattense Burm.f. 18 Fig. 5 Withania somnifera Linn. 19 Fig. 6 Withania coagulans (Stock) Dunal. 19 Fig. 7 Transverse section of the root of Datura innoxia Miller. 62 Fig. 8 Transverse section of the root of Solanum nigrum Linn. 62 Fig. 9 Transverse section of the root of Solanum surattense Burm.f. 63 Fig. 10 Transverse section of the root of Withania somnifera Linn. 63 Fig. 11 Transverse section of the root of Withania coagulans (Stock) 64 Dunal. Fig. 12 Transverse section of the stem of Datura innoxia Miller. 70 Fig. 13 Transverse section of the stem of Solanum nigrum Linn. 70 Fig. 14 Transverse section of the stem of Solanum surattense Burm.f. 71 Fig. 15 Transverse section of the stem of Withania somnifera Linn. 71 Fig. 16 Transverse section of the stem of Withania coagulans (Stock) 72 Dunal. Fig. 17 A portion of leaf of Datura innoxia Miller. 79 Fig. 18 A portion of leaf of Datura innoxia Miller. 79 Fig. 19 A portion of leaf of Datura innoxia Miller. 80 Fig. 20 A portion of leaf of Datura innoxia Miller. 80 Fig. 21 Two different trichomes on the leaf of Datura innoxia Miller. 81 Fig. 22 Trichomes on the leaf of Datura innoxia Miller. 81 Fig. 23 A portion of leaf of Solanum nigrum Linn. 82 Fig. 24 A portion of leaf of Solanum nigrum Linn. 82 Fig. 25 A portion of leaf of Solanum nigrum Linn. 83 Fig. 26 A portion of leaf of Withania somnifera Linn showing trichome 83 Fig. 27 A portion of leaf of Withania somnifera Linn showing trichome 84 Fig. 28 A portion of leaf of Withania somnifera Linn showing trichome 84 Fig. 29 A portion of leaf of Withania somnifera Linn showing stomata 85 Fig. 30 A portion of leaf of Withania somnifera Linn. 85 Fig. 31 A portion of leaf of Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal. 86 Fig. 32 A portion of leaf of Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal. 86 Fig. 33 A leaf portion of Datura innoxia showing vein islet and vein 89 termination number Fig. 34 A leaf portion of Solanum nigrum showing vein islet and vein 89 termination number Fig. 35 A leaf portion of Solanum surattense showing vein islet and 90 vein termination number Fig. 36 A leaf portion of Withania somnifera showing vein islet and 90 vein termination number Fig. 37 Anisocytic stoma of Datura innoxia Miller. 96 xi Fig. 38 Anisocytic stoma of Solanum nigrum Linn. 96 Fig. 39 Anisocytic stoma of Withania somnifera Linn. 97 Fig. 40 Anomotetracytic stoma of Datura innoxia Miller. 97 Fig. 41 Anomotetracytic stoma of Solanum nigrum Linn. 98 Fig. 42 Paracytic stoma of Withania coagulans (Stock) Dunal. 98 Fig. 43 Amphianisocytic stoma of Solanum surattense Burm.f. 99 Fig. 44 Constituents of powder drug of leaf of Datura innoxia Miller. 104 Fig. 45 Constituents of powder drug of leaf of Solanum nigrum Linn. 105 Fig. 46 Constituents of powder drug of root of Solanum surattense 106 Burm.f. Fig. 47 Constituents of powder drug of stem of Solanum surattense 107 Burm.f. Fig. 48 Constituents of powder drug of leaf of Withania somnifera 108 Linn. Fig. 49 Constituents of powder drug of stem of Withania coagulans 109 (Stock) Dunal. Fig. 50 Constituents of powder drug of leaf of Withania coagulans 110 (Stock) Dunal. Fig. 51 Antibacterial activity of Datura innoxia Miller. 135 Fig. 52 Antibacterial activity of Solanum nigrum Linn. 136 Fig. 53 Antibacterial activity of Solanum surattense Burm.f. 137 Fig. 54 Antibacterial activity of Withania somnifera Linn. 138 Fig. 55 Antibacterial activity of Withania coagulans (Stock) Dunal. 139 Fig. 56 Antifungal activity of Datura innoxia Miller. 143 Fig. 57 Antifungal activity of Solanum nigrum Linn. 144 Fig. 58 Antifungal activity of Solanum surattense Burm.f. 145 Fig. 59 Antifungal activity of Withania somnifera Linn. 146 Fig. 60 Antifungal activity of Withania coagulans (Stock) Dunal. 147 Fig. 61 Phytotoxic activity of Datura innoxia Miller. 154 Fig. 62 Phytotoxic activity of Solanum nigrum Linn. 155 Fig. 63 Phytotoxic activity of Solanum surattense Burm.f. 156 Fig. 64 Phytotoxic activity of Withania somnifera Linn. 157 Fig. 65 Phytotoxic activity of Withania coagulans (Stock) Dunal. 158 Fig. 66 Insecticidal activity of Datura innoxia Miller. 162 Fig. 67 Insecticidal activity of Solanum nigrum Linn. 163 Fig. 68 Insecticidal activity of Solanum surattense Burm.f. 164 Fig. 69 Insecticidal activity of Withania somnifera Linn. 165 Fig. 70 Insecticidal activity of Withania coagulans (Stock) Dunal. 166 xii LIST OF TABLES Table. No Contents Page No Table 1 Chemical composition of E-medium 50 Table 2 Macroscopical features of the roots of five medicinal plants of 56 Family Solanaceae Table 3 Macroscopical features of the stems of five medicinal plants of 57 Family Solanaceae Table 4 Macroscopical features of the leaves of five medicinal plants of 58 Family Solanaceae Table 5 Macroscopical features of the fruits of five medicinal plants of 59 Family Solanaceae Table 6 Anatomical measurements of the roots of five medicinal plants of 65 Family Solanaceae Table 7 Anatomical measurements