TEXTE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, NATURE CONSERVATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY Research Report 201 86 211 UBA-FB 000441e Texte Economic Impact of the 80 Spread of Alien Species in 03 Germany ISSN 0722-186X by Dr. Frank Reinhardt Dipl.-Volkswirt Markus Herle Dipl.-Biologe Finn Bastiansen Prof. Dr. Bruno Streit J.W. Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main Biological and Computer Sciences Division Department of Ecology and Evolution On behalf of the Federal Environmental Agency UMWELTBUNDESAMT Publications by the Federal Environmental Agency in the TEXTE series are available subject to advance payment of 10,00 Euro by bank transfer, crossed cheque or paying-in form to Account number 4327 65 - 104 at the Postbank Berlin (Sorting Code 10010010) Fa. Werbung und Vertrieb Wolframstraße 95-96, 12105 Berlin At the same time please direct your written order to the Firma Werbung und Vertrieb naming the volume number from the TEXTE series, and the name and address of the orderer. The publisher does not accept responsibility for the correctness, accuracy or completeness of the information, or for the observance of the private rights of third parties. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions. Publisher: Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) Postfach 33 00 22 14191 Berlin Tel.: +49/30/8903-0 Telex: 183 756 Telefax: +49/30/8903 2285 Internet: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de Edited by: Section II 1.3 Dr. Ulrike Doyle Angela Lehmann Berlin, November 2003 Economic Impact of Alien Species Berichts-Kennblatt 1. Berichtsnummer 2. 3. UBA-FB 000441 4. Titel des Berichtes: Ökonomische Folgen der Ausbreitung von gebietsfremden Organismen in Deutschland 5. Autoren 8. Abschlussdatum Dr. Frank Reinhardt, 31.12.2002 Dipl.-Volkswirt Markus Herle, Dipl.-Biologe Finn Bastiansen, 9. Veröffentlichungsdatum Prof. Dr. Bruno Streit 6. Durchführende Institution 10. UFOPLAN-Nr. Fachbereich Biologie und Informatik 201 86 211 Abteilung Ökologie und Evolution Siesmayerstrasse 70 11. Seitenzahl 60054 Frankfurt/Main 229 7. Fördernde Institution 12. Literaturangaben Umweltbundesamt 278 Postfach 33 00 22 13. Tabellen und Diagramme 14191 Berlin 27 14. Abbildungen 26 15. Zusätzliche Angaben 3 Economic Impact of Alien Species 16. Zusammenfassung In der European Strategy on Invasive Alien Species T-PVS (2002) 8 werden verstärkte Forschungsaktivitäten der Mitgliedstaaten angeregt, die nicht nur auf den biologischen Bereich oder Bekämpfung invasiver Arten beschränkt bleiben, sondern auch die Bewertung der Auswirkungen auf Gesundheitswesen und Volkswirtschaft untersuchen sollen. Derartige Studien wurden bisher nur für die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika oder mit eher regionalen Charakter durchgeführt. Aus diesem Grunde wurden 20 Tiere und Pflanzen aus verschiedenen Problemgebieten (Gesundheitsgefährdende Arten, Schäden in Forst-, Land-, und Fischereiwirtschaft, im kommunalen Bereich, an aquatischen und terrestrischen Verkehrswegen sowie Kosten von Arten, die einheimische Spezies gefährden oder in der Empfehlung 77 der Berner Konvention aufgeführt sind) ausgewählt und beispielhaft für das Gebiet Deutschlands bearbeitet. Die entstehenden Kosten wurden in drei Kategorien aufgeschlüsselt: a) direkte ökonomische Schäden, beispielsweise durch Vorratsschädlinge, b) ökologische Schäden, verursacht durch Pflege und Schutz gefährdeter heimischer Arten, Biozönosen oder Ökosysteme und c) Kosten für Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung invasiver Arten. Es zeigte sich, dass auf Grund der Datenlage sowie der unterschiedlichen Biologie und Ökologie der invasiven Arten jeweils individuelle Ansätze notwendig waren. Die hier ermittelten Kosten unterscheiden sich stark von Art zu Art. Nicht alle untersuchten Arten verursachen ökonomische Schäden. Eine differenzierte Betrachtung von Neobiota ist dementsprechend erforderlich. Die Monetisierung von ökologischen Schäden gelang hierbei nur in wenigen Fällen. Weitergehende, mehrjährige Studien sollten willingness to pay- Analysen einbeziehen, um offen gebliebene Fragen zu beantworten. 17. Schlagwörter Neobiota, invasive Arten, Ökonomie, Kosten, Deutschland 18. Preis 19. 20. Berichts-Kennblatt 06/2000 4 Economic Impact of Alien Species Report Cover Sheet Report No. 2. 3. UBA-FB 4. Report Title Economic Impact of the Spread of Alien Species in Germany 5. Autors 8. Report Date Dr. Frank Reinhardt, 31.12.2002 Dipl.-Volkswirt Markus Herle, Dipl.-Biologe Finn Bastiansen, Prof. Dr. Bruno Streit 9. Publication Date 6. Performing Organisation 10. UFOPLAN-Ref. No. Biological and Computer Sciences Division 201 86 211 Dept. of Ecology and Evolution Siesmayerstrasse 70 11. No. of Pages 60054 Frankfurt/Main 229 7. Funding Agency 12. No. of Reference Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) 278 Postfach 33 00 22 13. No. of Tables, Diagrams 14191 Berlin 27 Germany 14. No. of Figures 26 15. Supplementary Notes 5 Economic Impact of Alien Species 16. Abstract The European Strategy on Invasive Alien Species T-PWS(2002) 8 mandates intensified research by member nations on invasive species. This research will not be restricted solely to the biology and remediation of invasive species, but will also evaluate their adverse health effects and economic impact. Previous studies of these issues have only been carried out in the Unites States of America, or in a limited, regional manner. Consequently, 20 plant and animal species from various problem areas (species which pose a threat to public health; losses to agriculture, fisheries, and forestry; damage to public roads and waterways; costs associated with the protection of native species threatened by non-native species as mandated by Recommendation 77 of the Bern Convention were assessed in Germany nation-wide. The accruing costs were sorted into 3 categories: a) direct economic losses, such as those caused by destructive pest species; b) ecological costs, in the form of extra care and protection of native taxa, biotopes, or ecosystems threatened by invasive species; c) costs of measures to combat invasive species. Because of the nature of available data, as well as the different biology and ecology of the invasive species, each had to be treated individually, and the associated costs vary greatly from species to species. Moreover, not all of the species investigated cause economic losses. Accordingly, a nuanced approach to alien species is essential. Cost assessment of losses deriving from ecological damage was only possible in a few cases. Ongoing, multi-year studies incorporating cost/benefit analysis will be necessary to resolve remaining issues. 17. Keywords Neobiota, invasive species, economy, cost, Germany 18. Price 19. 20. Report Cover Sheet 06/2000 6 Economic Impact of Alien Species Table of Contents List of Abbreviations 9 List of Figures and Tables 10 1 Introduction 15 2 Methods 17 3 Economic Consequences in Selected Problem Areas 29 3.1 Species dangerous to health 29 3.1.1 Introduction 29 3.1.2 Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ragweed 29 3.1.3 Heracleum mantegazzianum, Giant Hogweed 34 3.1.4 Species which pose a threat to public health, summary of results 40 3.1.5 Other noteworth species 42 3.2 Damages to forestry and silviculture 43 3.2.1 Introduction 43 3.2.2 Quercus rubra, Red Oak 43 3.2.3 Prunus serotina, Black Cherry 47 3.2.4 Summary of results from commercial forestry 54 3.2.5 Additional forest pests 55 3.3 Damages to agriculture 59 3.3.1 Introduction 59 3.3.2 Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Sawtoothed grain beetle and 59 Rhyzopertha dominica, Lesser grain borer 3.3.3 Ephestia kuehniella, Flour moth 63 3.3.4 Galinsoga ciliata, Hairy galinsoga 67 3.3.5 Summary of results from agriculture 70 3.3.6 Additional significant species 71 3.4 Damages to fisheries and aquaculture 73 3.4.1 Introduction 73 3.4.2 Ondatra zibethicus, Muskrat 73 3.4.3 Orconectes limosus, American Crayfish 80 3.4.4 Summary of results from fisheries and aquaculture 83 3.4.5 Additional significant species 84 3.5 Negative effects on communities 87 3.5.1 Introduction 87 3.5.2 Cameraria ohridella, Chestnut leaf-miner moth 87 3.5.3 Ceratocystis ulmi, Dutch elm disease 92 3.5.4 Summary of results on communities 94 3.5.5 Additional noteworthy species 95 3.6 Alien species that damage waterways and watercourses 97 3.6.1 Introduction 97 3.6.2 Dreissena polymorpha, Zebra mussel 97 3.6.3 Neophytic Knotweeds and Knot grasses (Polygonaceae) 101 3.6.4 Summary of results 107 3.6.5 Additional noteworthy species 108 7 Economic Impact of Alien Species 3.7 Non-indigenous species which cause increased maintenance 111 costs by disrupting land routes 3.7.1 Introduction 111 3.7.2 Senecio inaequidens, Narrow-leaved ragweed 111 3.7.3 Buddleja davidii, Butterfly bush 115 3.7.4 Summary of results 118 3.7.5 Additional noteworthy species 120 3.8 Threats to native species from invasive species 121 3.8.1 Introduction 121 3.8.2 Dikerogammarus villosus 121 3.8.3 Lupinus polyphyllus, Many-leaved lupine, garden lupine 126 3.8.4 Summary of results 129 3.8.5 Further signifcant species 129 3.9 Alien species that are listed under Recommendation 77 (1999) 131 of the Bern Convention 3.9.1 Introduction 131 3.9.2 Mustela vison, Mink 131 3.9.3 Rana catesbeiana, Bullfrog 137 3.9.4 Summary of results 142 3.9.5 Other significant species 144 3.10 Summary of problem areas 147 4 National strategy to stem the spread of neobiota 151 4.1 Introduction 151 4.2 Costs of habitat improvement 151 4.3 „Coordinator for environmental issues“ 157 5 Discussion 165 6 Recommended measures 181 7 Literatur 183 Summary Report 203 Annex: Guiding principles