Lev Michael and Zachary O’Hagan i Cadernos de Etnolingüística (Série Monografias, 4) A Linguistic Analysis of Old Omagua Ecclesiastical Texts by Lev Michael Zachary O'Hagan University of California, Berkeley 2016 ii A Linguistic Analysis of Old Omagua Ecclesiastical Texts Cadernos de Etnolingüística ISSN 1946-7095 Editors: J. Pedro Viegas Barros Mônica Veloso Borges Eduardo Rivail Ribeiro Hein van der Voort Série Monografias, 4 A Linguistic Analysis of Old Omagua Ecclesiastical Texts by Lev Michael and Zachary O'Hagan 176 pp. ISBN 978-0-9846008-3-0 © Lev Michael and Zachary O'Hagan Wide, non-commercial distribution of this work is encouraged, both electronically and in print, provided its contents and form remain unaltered. Available for download at http://www.etnolinguistica.org/mono:4 Submitted on June 7, 2013 Revised on December 17, 2014 Published on March 7, 2016 Contents List of Tables vi List of Figures vii Acknowledgments ix Morphemes and Abbreviations x 1 Introduction 1 2 Grammatical Sketch of Old Omagua 5 2.1 Phonological Inventory . 6 2.2 Morphology . 7 2.2.1 Person-Marking . 7 2.2.1.1 Paradigms . 7 2.2.1.2 Vowel Hiatus Resolution . 9 2.2.2 Nominal Morphology . 9 2.2.2.1 Number . 10 2.2.2.2 Augmentative & Diminutive . 11 2.2.2.3 Nominal Past Tense =puRa ..................... 12 2.2.2.4 Nominal Future Tense =Ra ..................... 12 2.2.2.5 Possession . 13 2.2.3 Verbal Morphology . 13 2.2.3.1 Tense-Aspect-Mood . 14 2.2.3.1.1 Tense . 14 2.2.3.1.2 Imperfective =aRi .................... 16 2.2.3.1.3 upa ‘come to an end, run out’ . 18 2.2.3.1.4 Irrealis =mia ....................... 18 2.2.3.1.5 Certainty =tina ..................... 19 2.2.3.2 Derivational Morphology . 20 2.2.3.2.1 Causative -ta ...................... 20 2.2.3.2.2 Applicative =supe .................... 21 2.2.3.2.3 Clausal Nominalizers . 21 2.2.3.2.4 Container Nominalizer -SiRu ............... 24 2.2.3.2.5 Possessive Nominalizer =yaRa ............. 25 iii iv A Linguistic Analysis of Old Omagua Ecclesiastical Texts 2.3 Syntax . 25 2.3.1 Basic Clause Structure . 26 2.3.2 Nominal Modification . 26 2.3.2.1 Demonstratives and Quantifiers . 27 2.3.2.2 Noun-Noun Modification . 28 2.3.2.3 Modification via Nominalization of Stative Verb . 29 2.3.3 Adpositional Phrases . 29 2.3.4 Negation . 29 2.3.4.1 Clausal Negator Roaya ....................... 30 2.3.4.2 Privative =1ma ........................... 31 2.3.4.3 Core Negator -s1ma ........................ 31 2.3.4.4 Prohibitive ename ......................... 32 2.3.5 Optative tene ................................. 32 2.3.6 Interrogatives . 32 2.3.6.1 Polar Interrogatives . 32 2.3.6.2 Content Interrogative . 33 2.3.7 Noun-Phrase Coordination . 35 2.3.7.1 Coordination with weRanu ..................... 35 2.3.7.2 Coordination with Comitative =mukui .............. 36 2.3.7.3 Similative =ya ........................... 37 2.3.7.4 Exact Similative maiRamania ................... 38 2.3.8 Clause-Linking . 40 2.3.8.1 Purposive Markers . 40 2.3.8.1.1 Positive Purpose =senuni ................ 40 2.3.8.1.2 Negative Purpose =maka ................ 40 2.3.8.2 Non-assertive Marker =RaSi .................... 41 2.3.8.3 Temporal Relations . 42 2.3.8.3.1 Temporal Posteriority =sakap1R1 ‘after’ . 42 2.3.8.3.2 Temporal Overlap: Point =pupekatu ‘when’ . 42 2.3.8.3.3 Temporal Overlap: Period =kate ‘while’ . 43 2.3.8.4 Reason Markers . 44 2.3.8.4.1 =ikua ‘because (of)’ . 44 2.3.8.4.2 =sep1 ‘because (of)’ . 45 2.3.9 Focus Markers . 46 2.3.9.1 Contrastive Focus puRai ...................... 46 2.3.9.2 Exclusive Focus =nani ....................... 47 2.3.9.3 Verum Focus =semai ....................... 48 2.3.10 Non-Verbal Predication . 48 3 Text Conventions 51 3.1 Multilinear Text Format . 51 3.2 Orthographic Representations . 53 Lev Michael and Zachary O’Hagan v 4 Lord’s Prayer 58 4.1 Bibliographic History and Previous Linguistic Study . 58 4.1.1 Hervás y Panduro (1787a) . 58 4.1.2 Adelung (1813) . 60 4.1.3 Rivet (1910) . 61 4.2 Text of the Lord’s Prayer . 61 5 Catechism Fragment 66 5.1 Bibliographic History and Previous Linguistic Study . 66 5.1.1 González Suárez (1904) . 66 5.1.2 Rivet (1910) . 68 5.1.3 Cabral (1995) . 68 5.2 Text of Catechism Fragment . 68 6 Full Catechism 77 6.1 Bibliographic History and Previous Linguistic Study . 77 6.1.1 Espinosa Pérez (1935) . 77 6.1.2 Uriarte ([1776]1952a), Uriarte ([1776]1986) . 78 6.2 Text of Full Catechism . 79 7 Profession of Faith 107 8 Omagua Passages in Uriarte’s Diaries 110 8.1 Part II, Section 71 . 111 8.2 Part II, Section 82 . 112 8.3 Part II, Section 105 . 113 8.4 Part III, Section 13 . 114 8.5 Part III, Section 28 . 115 8.6 Part III, Section 50 . 117 8.7 Part IV, Section 16 . 117 8.8 Part IV, Section 58 . 118 8.9 Part IV, Sections 121-122 . 118 8.10 Isolated Lexical Items . 120 9 Historical Context of Old Omagua Texts 121 9.1 Jesuit Interactions with the Omagua in Maynas . 122 9.2 Language and Evangelization in Maynas . 126 9.2.1 Lenguas generales and lenguas particulares in Maynas . 128 9.2.2 Jesuit Linguistics in Maynas . 131 9.2.3 Practical Language Learning and Reliance on Translators . 134 9.2.4 Ecclesiastical Text Development and Use . 136 9.3 Jesuit Language Use in Old Omagua Ecclesiastical Texts . 139 9.3.1 Neologisms in Old Omagua Ecclesiastical Texts . 139 9.3.2 Calques in Old Omagua Ecclesiastical texts . 142 9.3.2.1 Comitative =mukui in Manner Adverbial Constructions . 142 vi A Linguistic Analysis of Old Omagua Ecclesiastical Texts 9.3.2.2 Functional Extension of =sui ABLATIVE .............142 9.3.2.3 Extensions of =aRi DIFFUSE LOCATIVE ..............144 9.3.3 Semantic Extension of Lexical Items . 145 9.4 Linguistic Comparison of Catechism Texts . 147 9.5 Text History . 158 10 Conclusion 164 List of Tables 1 Morphemes and Abbreviations by Gloss . x 2 Morphemes and Abbreviations by Morpheme . xi 2.1 Old Omagua Consonants . 6 2.2 Modern Omagua Free Pronouns and Pronominal Proclitics . 8 2.3 Old Omagua Person-markers in Jesuit Texts . 9 2.4 Vowel Coalescence and Deletion Patterns . 10 2.5 Modern Omagua Noun Phrase Template . 10 2.6 Modern Omagua Verb Phrase Template . 14 2.7 Modern Omagua Tense Markers . 15 2.8 Modern Omagua -SiRu Stems . 24 2.9 Modern Omagua Verbs Nominalized with -SiRu ................... 25 2.10 Modern Omagua Demonstratives . 27 2.11 Modern Omagua Non-numeral Quantifiers . 28 2.12 Order of Modern Omagua Nominal Modifiers . 28 2.13 Omagua Postpositions . 30 2.14 Old Omagua Interrogative Pronouns . 34 2.15 Proto-Omagua-Kokama Words for ‘why’ . 35 3.1 Phoneme-Orthography Correspondences in Old Omagua Texts . 54 3.2 Old Omagua Forms Containing <ch> ........................ 55 3.3 Scribal Errors in the Copying of Old Omagua Texts . 56 8.1 Omagua Lexical Items in Uriarte ([1776]1986) . 120 9.1 Jesuit Missionaries Among the Omagua, 1621-1768 . 125 9.2 Summary of Grammatical Differences Between Catechistic Texts . 159 9.3 Reported Authors of Old Omagua Texts . 160 vii List of Figures 1 Indigenous Groups of Maynas, 1638-1768 (Grohs 1974) . xiii 2 Early Locations of the Omagua, Kokama, Kokamilla, Yurimagua and Aisuari . xiv 2.1 Old Omagua Vowels . 6 viii Acknowledgments Our greatest appreciation goes to the speakers of Omagua with whom we have collaborated in the documentation and description of their language: Lazarina Cabudivo Tuisima, Manuel Cabu- † † divo Tuisima, Amelia Huanaquiri Tuisima, Arnaldo Huanaquiri Tuisima, Alicia Huanío Cabudivo, and Lino Huanío Cabudivo. We owe an important debt to Catherine Clark, Edinson Huamancayo Curi, and Brianna Grohman, who carried out exploratory fieldwork in 2003, 2004, and 2006, re- spectively, under the direction of Lev Michael and Christine Beier, with funding from Cabeceras Aid Project. We are grateful to our colleagues in the ongoing documentation and description of Omagua: Clare Sandy, Tammy Stark, and Vivian Wauters. The current phase of the Omagua doc- umentation project began in 2009 with the digitization, parsing, and grammatical analysis of an 100,000-word text corpus, in which Marc Januta and Teresa McFarland also played essential ⇠ roles. Field-based documentation was carried out in 2010, 2011,.