Notes Introduction: 'Totalitarianism', Propaganda, War and the Third Reich 1. J Ellul, The Technological Society (New York: Vintage Books, 1964), 21-2; cf. J Ellul, Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes (New York: Knopf, 1971). 2. J Wright, Terrorist Propaganda (New York: St Martin's, 1990), 70-1; D McQuail, Mass Communication Theory: An Introduction (London/Beverly Hills/New Delhi: Sage, 2003, 4th ed.), 99 ff; K Robins, F Webster, M Pickering, 'Propaganda, information and social control', in J Hawthorn (ed.), Propaganda, Persuasion and Polemic (London: Edward Arnold, 1987, 2nd ed.), 2-4. 3. B Ginsberg, The Captive Public. How Mass Opinion Promotes State Power (New York: Basoc Books, 1986); W Kornhauser, 'Mass society', International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York: Macmillan, 1968); W Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (New York: Free Press, 1959); McQuail, Mass Communication Theory, 91-2. 4. BA, NS 18/349, 39-40 (Tiessler, Vorlage: Filme Beurteilung, no date); 347, 39 (Party Chancellery, Report from Magdeburg-Anhalt, 9.12.1941). See in general, J A C Brown, Techniques ofPersuasion. From Propaganda to Brainwashing (Baltimore: Penguin, 1963), 308 ff. 5. L W Doob, Public Opinion and Propaganda (New York: Henry Holt and Co, 1948), 131-9; G S Jowett, V O'Donnell, Propaganda and Persuasion (Newbury Park/ London/New Delhi: Sage, 1992), 15-16. 6. Jowett and O'Donnell, Propaganda and Persuasion, 187 ff. The two films are discussed in ch. 8. 7. H C Triandis, Interpersonal Behavior (Monterey: Brooks/Cole, 1977), ch. 3; Ellul, Propaganda, 35-7. 8. The use of the term 'revolution' in a fascist context has caused a lot of controversy. The traditional perception of 'revolution' as a positive, emancipatory break is, of course, non-applicable in this context. However, a growing number of scholars in the fray of fascist studies detect a clear 'revolutionary' (i.e., radical) core in fascist ideology. See the interesting discussion hosted in Erwagen, Wissen, Ethik, 15/3 (2004); in particular, the three articles by R D Griffin: 'Fascism's new faces (and new facelessness) in the "post-fascist" epoch', 287-301; 'Da capo, con meno brio: towards a more useful conceptualization of generic fascism', 361-77; 'Grey cats, blue cows, and wide awake groundhogs: notes towards the development of a "deliberative ethos" in fascist studies', 429-41. 9. Jowett and O'Donnell, Propaganda and Persuasion, 122-54; D J Bern, Beliefs, Attitudes and Human Affairs (Belmont: Brooks/Cole, 1970). 10. See, for example, J Goebbels, 'Stimmung und Haltung', Das Reich, 4.11.1943. 11. Cf. I Kershaw, 'How effective was Nazi propaganda?', in D Welch (ed.), Nazi Propaganda: The Power and the Limitations (London: Croom Helm, 1983), 180-205. 12. I Ajzen, M Fishbein, Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1980). 13. C I Hovland, I L Janis, H H Kelly, Communication and Persuasion. Psychological Studies of Opinion Change (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953); R J Boster, 224 Notes 225 P Mongeau, 'Fear-arousing persuasive messages', in R N Bostrum and N H Westley (eds), Communication Yearbook 8 (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1984), 330-75. 14. Ellul, Propaganda, 58-60. 15. R E Herzstein, The War that Hitler Won: Goebbels and the Nazi Media Campaign (New York: Paragon, 1987). 16. D Lerner, 'Effective propaganda: conditions and evaluation', in D Lerner (ed.), Propaganda in War and Crisis. Materials for American Policy (New York: Stewart, 1951), 344-54. 17. M Balfour, Propaganda in War 1939-1945: Organisation, Policies and Publics in Britain and Germany (London: Routledge, 1979). 18. D Roberts, The Poverty of Great Politics. Understanding the Totalitarian Moment (London: Routledge, 2006). 19. C J Friedrich, Z K Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (New York/ Washington/London: Praeger, 1965), 21-6. 20. On the similarities and differences in the use of propaganda between 'totalitarian' and 'democratic' states see T H Qualter, Opinion Control in the Democracies (New York: StMartin's Press, 1985); Jowett and O'Donnell, Propaganda and Persuasion, 25-7; Robins, Webster and Pickering, Propaganda, Persuasion and Polemic, 6-7, 14 ff. 21. For a discussion of this see I Kershaw, The Nazi Dictatorship. Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation (London: Edward Arnold, 1995, 4th ed.), ch. 4; P Diehl-Thiele, Partei und Staat im Dritten Reich. Untersuchung zum Verhiiltnis von NSDAP und allgemeiner innerer Staatsverwaltung, 1933-1945 (Munich: CH Beck Verlag, 1971), ch. 2. 22. K Lang, 'Communication research: origins and developments', in G Gerbner, W Schramm, T L Worth, and L Gross (eds), International Encyclopedia of Communications (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 469-74. 23. D Marvick (ed.), Harold D Lasswell on Political Sociology (Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press, 1977), ch. 10. 24. R Semmler, Goebbels: The Man Next to Hitler (London: Westhouse, 1947), 3.3.1943, 72--3. 25. E K Bramsted, Goebbels and National Socialist Propaganda 1925-1945 (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1965), 253. 26. McQuail, Mass Communication Theory, 82; Ellul, Propaganda, 57-8. 27. Aufkliirungs- und Redner-Informationsmaterial der Reichspropagandaleitung der NSDAP, 11 (1939), 31-41; cf. International Military Tribunal (IMT): 15.1.1946, 266 ff; Vol. XVII, 27.7.1946, 155 ff (Hans Fritzsche interrogation). 28. IMT, Vol. 17, Session 166 (28.6.1946), 273-4. 29. Jowett and O'Donnell, Propaganda and Persuasion, 32-3. 30. Robins, Webster and Pickering, Propaganda, Persuasion and Polemic, 5 ff; B Taithe, T Thornton, 'Propaganda: a misnomer of rhetoric and persuasion?', in B Taithe, T Thornton (eds), Propaganda. Political Rhetoric and Identity, 1300-2000 (Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1999), 1-24. 31. Jowett and O'Donnell, Propaganda and Persuasion, 80 ff. 32. Jowett and O'Donnell, Propaganda and Persuasion, 212 ff. 33. For example, I Kershaw, Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich: Bavaria, 1933-45 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1983); I Kershaw, The Hitler-Myth. Image and Reality in the Third Reich (Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); M G Steinert, Hitler's War and the Germans: Public Mood and Attitude During the Second World War (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1977). 34. Ellul, Propaganda, 17-20. 226 Notes 1 Propaganda, 'Co-ordination' and 'Centralisation': The Goebbels Network in Search of a Total Empire 1. K D Bracher, Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung (Cologne, 1960); M Broszat, The Hitler State: The Foundation and Development of the Third Reich (London: Longman, 1981). 2. R Griffin, The Nature of Fascism (London/New York: Routledge, 1994), 47 ff. 3. H Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Meridian Books, 1958); C J Friedrich, 'The unique character of totalitarian society', in C J Friedrich (ed.) Totalitarianism (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1954), 47-60; C J Friedrich, Z K Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956), 15-26; cf. K D Bracher, Totalitarismus und Faschismus. Eine wissenschaftliche und politische Begriffskontroverse (Munich/Vienna: IZG, 1980). 4. M Mann, 'The contradictions of continuous revolution', and H Mommsen, 'Working towards the "Fuhrer": reflections on the nature of the Hitler dictatorship', both in I Kershaw, M Lewin (eds), Stalinism and Nazism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 135-57 and 75-87 respectively; A Kallis,' "Fascism", "para­ fascism" and "fascistization": on the similarities of three conceptual categories', European History Quarterly, 33/2 (2003), 219-49; Griffin, The Nature of Fascism, 26-55; R Eatwell, 'Towards a new model of generic fascism', Journal of Theoretical Politics, 2 (1992), 161-94. On Weber's theory of 'ideal-types' see L A Coser, The Sociology of Max Weber (New York: Vintage Books, 1977), 223 ff. 5. See, for example, A Lyttelton, 'Fascism in Italy: the second wave', Journal of Contemporary History, 1 (1966), 75-100. 6. D Welch, Propaganda and the German Cinema, 1933-1945 (London/New York: IB Tauris, 2001, rev. ed.), 7-9. 7. Goebbels's speech is featured in C Belling, Der Film in Staat und Partei (Berlin, 1936), 28-30. 8. D Welch, Propaganda and the German Cinema, 10-12. 9. I Hoffman, The Triumph of Propaganda- Film and National Socialism 1933-1945 (Providence/Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1996), ch. 4. 10. On the creation of SPIO seeM Behn, 'Gleichschritt in die "neue Zeit". Filmpolitik zwischen SPIO und NS', in H-M Bock, M Toteberg (eds), Das Ufa-Buch (Frankfurt: Zweitausendeins, 1992), 341-69. 11. G Albrecht, Nationalsozialistische Filmpolitik. Eine soziologische Untersuchung uber die Spielfilme des Dritten Reichs (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1969), 12 ff. 12. Welch, Propaganda and the German Cinema, 8-10. 13. Reichsgesetzblatt (RGB), 1934, I, 95. 14. J Wulf, Theater und Film im Dritten Reich (Gtitersloh: Sigbert Mohn Verlag, 1964), 275-6. 15. Welch, Propaganda and the German Cinema, 14-15. 16. PM Taylor, Munitions of the Mind. A History ofPropaganda from the Ancient World to the Present Era (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003, 3rd ed.), 1-18; Albrecht, Nationalsozialistische Filmpolitik. 17. E Rentschler, The Ministry of Illusion. Nazi Cinema and Its Afterlife (Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 1996), 43 ff; K Witte, 'Film im Nationalsozialismus', Wolfgang Jacobsen (ed.), Geschichte des deutschen Films (Stuttgart/Weimar: J B Metzler 1993), 119-70; Hoffman, The Triumph of Propaganda, 96 ff. Notes 227 18. RGB, I, 694-5. 19. For this reading of National Socialism as a 'neo-feudal' system of rule seeR Koehl, 'Feudal aspects of National Socialism', American Political Science Review, Vol. LVI/4 (1960): 921-33. 20. Wulf, Theater und Film im Dritten Reich, 271. 21. See, for example, the September 1933 law that banned Jewish artists and writers from the Reich's cultural production [R Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (London: W HAllen, 1961), 7 ff]. 22. For figures on film production under the Third Reich see Welch, Propaganda and the German Cinema, 20 ff.