Index Page numbers in italics refer to Figures. Page numbers in bold refer to Tables. Abactinocrinus spp. 268 methods 8–9 A. devonicus 156, 265, 267 results Acinosporites spp. Esopus fauna 11,13–14 A. acanthomammillatus 181, 184, 186 Genesee–Sonyea fauna 21, 23 A. hirsutus 179, 186 Hamilton fauna 11, 15, 18, 19–20, A. linlarensis 186 25–26 A. macrospinosus 181, 184, 186 Helderberg fauna 11, 12–13, 27 Acme Zone 163 Keyser fauna 10–12 acritarchs, Chigua Formation 183, 186, 198 Onondaga fauna 11, 15–16, 17 Acrospirifer spp. Oriskany fauna 11,13 A. duodenaria 14 Scholarie fauna 11,14–15 A. murchisoni 13 Stony Hollow fauna 11, 16, 17, 18, 19,26 A. primaevus 42, 44, 55 Tully fauna 11, 20–21, 22,26 Actinocrinites spp. 267, 268 results discussed A. batheri 156 nature of boundaries 25 A. zhaoae 156, 265 relation to global bioevents 27–30 Adelocrinus hystrix 156 relation to stratigraphy 25–27 Agathocrinus spp. 268 aragonite–calcite balance 110–111 A. junggarensis 156, 265 Argentina Agoniatites spp. 133 Precordillera Region 177–179 A. vanuxemi 18 Chigua Formation 179, 180 Ahrererouch Formation 133, 138 palaeoassemblages 200–202 Ahrtal Anticline 39, 46 methods of analysis 200–202 Alatiformia affinis 44 species records Alengchu Formation 253 Haplostigma 202–203 Alice Springs Orogeny 74 palynology 204–205 Allagecrinus 157 palaeoenvironment analysis 207 Allanella tullius 26 palynology study, methods 180 Altenahr Section 55–57 results 180–185 Amabilicrinus whidbornei 158 results discussed 185–188 Amadeusicrinus spp. 266, 268 Mid-Devonian palaeogeography 195, 197, A. subpentagonialis 160, 265, 267, 280 205–207 Ambocoelia umbonata 20, 22,26 Mid-Devonian stratigraphy 196–198 ammonoids, China 245, 246 Rio Seco de los Castan˜os Formation 4, 218 Amphegenia elongata 14 methods of analysis Amphigenia 15 diagenesis 222 Amphoracrinus spp. 156, 265, 267, 268, 271, 272 geochemistry 222 Anamesocrinus spp. 267, 268 Nd isotopes 222–223 A. tieni 157, 265, 273–275 sedimentology 220, 221 Ananpiculatisporites spp. 186 outcrops 219–220 Ancyrodella spp. results A. gigas 163 lithofacies 223–225 A. rotundiloba alata 164 major element chemistry 227–229 Ancyrognathus triangularis 165 petrography 225–226 Ancyrospora sp. 163 Sm–Nd isotopes 232–234 Anouˆ Smaira Formation 131, 133, 135, 137 trace element chemistry 229–232 Anqingtaihe Formation 247 XRD 226–227 Anti-Atlas Mountains see Dra Valley (Morocco) results discussed 234 Aobaotingundi Formation 253 depositional environment 234 Aorocrinus 157 diagenesis 234 Aphelecrinus spp. 157 geochemistry 234–235 A. tensus 157 Nd isotopes 235 Apiculatasporites microconus 186 palaeogeography 236 Apiculiretusispora spp. 186 provenance 235 A. laxa 186 sea-level change 235 A. verrucosa 167, 168, 169, 171 Arkonites bilixus 182, 186 Appalachian Basin Assemblage Zone 163 ecological-evolutionary subunits (EESU) 8 Athabascacrinus spp. 267, 268 experimental study A. orientale 156, 265 290 INDEX Athyris spp. Breimeriblastus spp. A. avirostris 44 B. gracilis 155 A. spiriferoides 20, 22 B. pyramidalis 155 Atlanticocoelia 14 Brevispirifer gregarius 15 atmosphere composition, Frasnian 109, 110 Bridgerocrinus spp. 159, 267, 268 Augustenthal Formation 44 B. arachnoideus 159 Augustenthal Section 60, 61,62 B. delicatulus 159, 265, 277 Aulatornoceras auris 133 B. discus 159, 265 Auroraspora torquata 170 B. stadiodactylus 159 Australia Bro¨ckelscheifer 54 echinoderm diversity 149, 150, 152, 154–160 bryozoans, Appalachian Basin 9, 12, 14, 15, see also Lennard Shelf 16, 20, 21 Bufalocrinus torus 158 Bailuping Formation 245 Bugle Gap Platforms 74,90–93 Bangzhai Formation 248 Burmeisteria spp. Banks Island 110, 111 B. ornata 44 Frasnian reef complexes B. rudersdorfensis 44 history of research 111–112 Bu¨rreshein Section 57, 58,59–60 project parameters 112–114 reef descriptions d13C excursion 27–28, 29,30 level A 114, 115–117 Cabrieroceras 18,26 level B 116, 117–118 Cailunguoshao Formation 253 level C 118–121 Cakuohe Formation 249 level D 119, 121–122 calcite–aragonite balance 110–111 Banmandaodi Formation 253 Calyptosporites spp. 205 Baqi Formation 249, 250 Camptozononitriles spp. Barreirinha Formation 197 C. caperatus 204, 205 Baruntehua Formation 253 C. leptohymenoides 205 base level concept 45 Canada see Banks Island Beaulieu Formation 164, 165, 168 Cangna Formation 255 Beikuang Formation 247, 254 Canning Basin (Australia) Belgium, miospore–conodont correlation 171–173 tectonic setting 74–75 Beloceras tenuistriatum 133 see also Lennard Shelf biohorizon 163 carbon dioxide levels, Frasnian 109 biostratigraphy, China 245, 246 Carinatrypa 17 biostromes 113 Carinoceras Beds 133, 135, 137 bivalves Catactocrinus singluocirrus 158 Dra Valley (Morocco) 133 Cattaraugus Formation 172 Rhenohercynian delta complex 42, 55, 60 Central Facies Belt 39, 41, 45 South China 245 cephalopods Blacourt Formation 164, 167 Appalachian Basin 15 blastoids see echinoderms Chigua Formation 180, 197 Blothrocrinus 159 Cercidocrinus 159 Bolivia, Mid-Devonian Cestocrinus 158 palaeoenvironment analysis 207 Chaetosalpinx ferganesis palaeogeography 195, 197, 205–207 parasitism of corals 125 palynoassemblages 198–200 methods of analysis 125–126 methods of analysis 202 results 126 species records results discussed 126–128 Haplostigma 202–203 Chaganshan Formation 252 palynology 204–205 Chaguoluoma Formation 253, 254 stratigraphy 196–198 Changlongjie Formation 249 Boppard-Dausenau Thrust 40, 41 Changninocrinus sphaeoidea 156 Boqu Group 253, 255 Changtanzi Formation 247 Boucostrophia herculea 44 Changyucun Formation 253 brachiopods Chelinospora concinna 164, 165, 169 Appalachian Basin 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, Chigua Formation 179 18, 20, 21, 22,26 fossils 180 China 246 palaeoassemblages 200–202 Dra Valley 133 methods of analysis 202 Rhenohercynian delta complex 42, 51, 55, species records 57, 60 Haplostigma 202–203 South China 245 palynology 204–205 Brazil, Devonian basins 194 palaeoenvironment analysis 207 INDEX 291 palynology study corals methods 180 Appalachian Basin 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21 results 180–185 Banks Island (Canada) 111 results discussed 185–188 history of research 111–112 stratigraphy 194, 196–197 project parameters 112–115 China reef descriptions biostratigraphy 245 level A 112, 115–117 echinoderm diversity 149, 150, 152, 154–160 level B 114, 117–118 Hongguleleng Formation 149, 150, 152, 247, level C 116–121 252, 264 level D 117, 121–122 blastoids 264 China 246 crinoids 264–268 Dra Valley (Morocco) 133 systematics Lennard Shelf (Australia) 76 blastoids 268–270 parasite study 125 crinoids 270–284 methods of analysis 125–126 history of Devonian research 241–242 results 126 palaeogeography 242–245 results discussed 126–128 palaeoplates 242 Rhenohercynian delta complex 42 regional stratigraphy Corbulispora sp. 169 Himalaya region 255 Correlation Quality Index (CQI) 163 Hinggan region 254 Corystosporites horridus 181, 186 Hoh Xil-Bayan Har region 255 Cosmetocrinus spp. 159, 267, 268 Junggar region 251–254 C. parvus 159, 265 South China Costalocrinus 158 Nandan type 251 Costispirifer arenosus 13 Qujing type 245–250 Crassirensselaeria crassicosta 42, 44, 51, 54, 55 Transition type 251 crinoids Xiangzhou type 250–251 Appalachian Basin 15, 18 western Yunnan region 255–256 Dra Valley (Morocco) study 137–138 Xizang (Tibet) region 254–255 systematics 136, 138–145 sea-level change 256–258 Rhenohercynian delta complex 60 transgression–regression cycles 258 see also echinoderms Chinacrinus spp. 157, 265, 266, 268 Cristatisporites deliquescens 165, 169 C. nodosus 156, 265, 267, 271, 272–273 Cryptonella minor 44 C. xinjiangensis 156, 265, 266 Ctenodonta sp. 54 Chinguillos Group see Chigua Formation Cuifengshan Formation 249 chitinozoans, Chigua Formation 198 Culmicrinus cylindricus 159 Chonetes spp. 54 Cu¨rten Formation 167 C. unkelensis 44, 53 Cuyania terrane 215 Chuandong Formation 245, 247, 250 Cyathocrinus 157 Chuchinolepis 245 Cyclogranisporites plicatus 186 Cirratriradites jekhowskyi 164, 165, 169 Cydrocrinus 159 Cladida spp. 160 Cylicocrinus 156 Clidocrinus 155 Cymatiosphaera spp. Cloudithyris postovalis 14 C. canadensis 186 cnidaria, Chigua Formation 180 C. perimembrana 186 Codiacrinus spp. 157 Cymbosporites acanthaceus 163, 167 Coelospira camilla 14 Cypricardelta sp. 55 Colombo Fault Zone 76 Colorado (USA), echinoderm diversity 154–160 dacryoconarids Comblain-au-Pont Formation 171, 173 China 245, 246 community groups, defined 7 Dra Valley (Morocco) 133 Condroz Sandstones 171 Dactylocrinus 155 Conoblastus invaginatus 155 Dafenggou Formation 249 conodonts Dahelihe Formation 253 China 245, 246 Dangduo Formation 249 correlation with miospores in Europe Danlin Group 248, 251 Famennian (mid) 170–171 Dardong Formation 253, 254 Famennian (upper) 171–173 Dark Formation (Lower and Upper) 43 Frasnian–Famennian 168–170 Dayaoshan Group 249, 250 Givetian–Frasnian 164–168 Dean Formation 253 Dra Valley (Morocco) 133 Decadocrinus spp. 268 Lennard Shelf (Australia) 100–103 D. multinoosus 281–282 Coquinacrinus 137, 141, 142 D. rugosus 281 292 INDEX Decadocrinus spp. (Continued) Esopus fauna 11,13–14 D. usitatus 160 Genesee–Sonyea fauna 21–23 D. xinjiangensis 282 Hamilton fauna 11, 16, 18, 19–20, 25–26 Dechenella 17, 18 Helderberg fauna 11, 12–13, 27 Deltacrinus spp. 268 Keyser fauna 10–12 D. asiaticus 157, 265, 267, 271, 273 Onondaga fauna 11, 15–16, 18 deltaic environment see under palaeoenvironment Oriskany fauna 11,13 analysis Scholarie fauna 11,14–15 Desmacriocrinus 157 Stony Hollow fauna 11, 16, 17, 18, 19,26 Devonochonetes scitulus 22 Tully fauna 11, 20–21, 22,26 diagenesis study results