Green Parties and Elections in Europe Pascal Delwit, Centre d’étude de la vie politique de l’ULB [email protected] Brussels, the 27th of March 2013 Parties taken into account Austria Die Grünen Latvia Latvia Green Party** Ecolo Luxemburg Dei Greng Belgium Groen Malta Democratic Alternative Bulgaria The Greens GroenLinks Netherlands Cyprus The Green Party Die Groenen Czech Republic The Green Party Norway The Green Party Denmark Socialist People's Party* Romania The Green Party Estonian Greens Slovakia The Green Party Finland Green League Slovenia Greens of Slovenia Initiative for Catalonia France Europe Ecologie les verts Spain Greens Germany Die Grünen Switzerland Ecologist Party ‐ the Greens The Environmental Party ‐ Greece The Ecologist Greens Sweden the Greens Hungary Politics can be different The Green Party United Kingdom Ireland The Green Party The Scottish Green Party Italy Verdi Parties not taken into account • Ecologiste Party –The Greens in Portugal : Alway in cartel with the PCP but : two seats. • EQUO and before Confederation of the Greens in Spain. In 2011 captured 0,9% Green Parties in Benelux countries 16,00 14,35 14,00 12,00 11,54 11,48 9,93 9,91 10,00 9,09 9,08 9,18 8,44 Belgium 8,00 7,37 7,46 7,06 6,95 Luxembourg 6,67 6,25 The Netherlands 6,00 5,53 5,14 4,82 4,47 4,60 4,22 4,00 3,47 2,88 2,00 0,00 1980 1981 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1989 1990 1991 1994 1995 1998 1999 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Electoral Results of Ecolo in Wallonia and Groen in Flanders 20,00 18,30 18,00 16,00 13,54 14,00 12,75 12,30 12,00 11,28 10,32 10,00 Ecolo 7,95 Groen 7,46 7,45 8,00 7,19 7,07 6,236,25 6,29 5,88 6,46 6,00 3,95 3,99 4,00 2,00 0,00 1981 1985 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2010 Green Parties in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland 12 11,05 10,70 10,43 10 9,58 9,47 8,56 8,00 8,26 8 7,62 8,12 7,277,43 7,40 6,45 6,74 6,70 Switzerland 6 5,57 5,04 5,02 Germany 5,05 4,94 4,81 Austria 4 2,23 2,29 2 1,26 1,50 0 Green Parties In Nordic Countries 16,00 14,58 14,00 13,01 13,04 12,00 11,31 11,51 10,00 9,20 8,30 8,46 8,00 Denmark 7,56 8,00 7,28 7,27 7,347,25 Norway 6,82 6,52 6,37 Sweden 5,91 5,99 5,53 6,00 5,24 Finland 4,95 5,02 4,50 4,58 3,87 4,03 4,00 3,38 1,65 2,00 1,41 1,50 0,38 0,12 0,23 0,15 0,14 0,35 0,00 Green Parties in the UK and in Ireland 6,00 5,00 4,69 4,03 3,85 4,00 3,00 2,76 UK Ireland 1,85 2,00 1,5 1,4 1,19 1,03 1,00 0,64 0,51 0,4 0,28 0,18 0,20 0,00 1983 1984 1985 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 Green Parties in Southern Europe Countries 9 8 7,64 7 6 Cyprus 5,46 Spain 5 4,51 France Italy 4 3,60 3,25 Malta 3 Greece 2,04 2 1,24 1,07 1 0,36 0 1978 1981 1986 1987 1988 1989 1992 1993 1994 1996 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 Eastern and Central Europe Green Parties I. 10 9 8 7,15 7 6,29 Bulgaria 6 Croatia Estonia 5 Czech Republic 3,79 Romania 4 Slovenia 3,1 3 2,62 Poland 2,37 2,44 2 1,12 1 0 1990 1992 1996 1998 2000 2002 2003 2004 205 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Eastern and Central Europe Green Parties II 25 20,11 20 16,81 15 Hungary Latvia 9,47 10 7,48 5 0 1990 1992 1996 1998 2000 2002 2003 2004 205 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 First Summary • (Rather) Relevant Parties : 1. Ecolo & Groen (Belgium), 2. The Greens (Luxemburg), 3. Groen‐Links (The Netherlands), 4. Die Grüne (Germany, Austria & Switzerland), 5. The Green League (Finland) 6. The Environmental Party the Greens (Sweden) 7. The Socialist People’s Party (Denmark) 8. Europe Ecologie les verts (France) 9. Latvia Green Party 10. Politics can be different (Poland) First summary • (Rather) weak relevant parties or irrelevant Parties 1. The Green Party (Ireland) 2. The Scottish Greens 3. The Green Party (United Kindgom) 4. The Environmental Green Party (Norway) 5. The Greens (Cyprus) 6. The Ecologist Greens (Greece) 7. The Democratic Alternative (Malta) 8. Federazione dei Verdi (Italy) 9. Confederazione de Los Verdes (Spain) 10. Initiativa per Catalunya Verds (Spain) 11. Os Verdes (Portugal) First summary 12. Bulgarian Green Party 13. Green Party (Slovakia) 14. Green Party (Czech Republic) 15. Party of the Youth (Slovenia) 16. Green Party (Romania) 17. Estonian Greens First summary • No Green Party 1. Lithuania First summary • (Rather)Positive Electoral Evolution 1. Ecolo (Belgium) 2. The Greens (Luxemburg) 3. Die Grüne (Germany) 4. Die Grüne (Austria) 5. Die Grüne (Switzerland) 6. Green League (Finland) 7. Environmental Green Party (Sweden) First summary • Green Political Family still a modest electoral playor – National level : 7* times > 10% since the begining – National level : 12** times > 10% since the begining * Including the latvian case (cartel), without the danish case ** including the latvian case (cartel) and the danish case Green Parties and European Elections and Regional Elections Green Parties and European Elections I Belgium Luxemburg Netherlands Austria Germany 1979 3,41 3,21 1984 8,17 6,08 5,60 8,15 1989 13,86 10,46 6,96 8,45 1994 11,61 10,93 6,09 6,81 10,06 1999 16,00 10,70 11,85 9,29 6,44 2004 8,70 15,02 7,39 12,89 11,94 2009 13,55 16,82 9,06 9,74 12,13 Green Parties and European Elections II Denmark Sweden Finland UK Ireland 1979 4,70 0,13 1984 9,22 0,52 0,47 1989 9,10 14,42 3,74 1994 8,58 18,18 7,59 3,12 7,91 1999 7,10 9,46 13,43 6,39 6,69 2004 7,96 5,96 10,43 6,08 4,32 2009 15,87 11,02 12,40 8,34 1,89 Green Parties and European Elections III France Cyprus Greece Malta Italy 1979 4,39 1984 3,37 1989 10,59 3,77 1994 2,95 3,18 1999 9,72 1,75 2004 7,72 0,86 0,67 9,33 2,46 2009 17,34 1,50 3,49 2,34 Green Parties and European Elections IV Czech Bulgaria Estonia Hungary Latvia Poland Romania Slovakia Slovenia Republic 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 0,51 2,73 5,33 4,28 0,27 3,17 0,39 2,30 2009 2,73 5,31 3,78 2,06 2,11 1,90 What about sub‐national Elections? • The German, Catalan and Scottish cases 30 25 Baden‐Wurttemberg Baase‐Saxe 20 Bavière Bermin Brandebourg 15 Breme Hambourg Hesse Mecklembourg‐ Poméranie 10 Rhénanie‐Nord‐ Westphalie Rhénanie‐Palatinat Sarre Saxe 5 Saxe‐Anthalt Schleswig‐Holstein Thuringe 0 The Scottish Greens at Regional Elections % of votes Number of seats 1999 3,70 1 2003 6,90 7 2007 4,04 1 2011 4,38 2 Greens in Catalunya and Regional Elections *EUA : United Left ICV EUA* ICV‐EUA %Seats%Seats%Seats 1999 2,56 3 1,45 0 2003 7,37 9 2006 9,72 12 2010 7,60 10 2012 10,04 13 Second summary • In some sub‐national elections, sometimes better results and better relevance from the electoral point of view, • Better results at European elections as second‐order elections, • But still more or less the same relevant parties – Very weak in southern Europe – Very weak in Eastern and Central Europe.