University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Theses (Historic Preservation) Graduate Program in Historic Preservation January 2006 Questions of Risk and Relocation: Developing a Conservation Program for the Gateway of the Sun, Tiwanaku, Bolivia Leslie A. Friedman University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses Friedman, Leslie A., "Questions of Risk and Relocation: Developing a Conservation Program for the Gateway of the Sun, Tiwanaku, Bolivia" (2006). Theses (Historic Preservation). 7. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/7 Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Historic Preservation 2006. Advisor: Frank G. Matero This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/7 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Questions of Risk and Relocation: Developing a Conservation Program for the Gateway of the Sun, Tiwanaku, Bolivia Comments Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Historic Preservation 2006. Advisor: Frank G. Matero This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/7 QUESTIONS OF RISK AND RELOCATION: DEVELOPING A CONSERVATION PROGRAM FOR THE GATEWAY OF THE SUN, TIWANAKU, BOLIVIA Leslie A. Friedman A THESIS In Historic Preservation Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HISTORIC PRESERVATION 2006 ______________________________ ______________________________ Advisor Reader Frank G. Matero Clark L. Erickson Associate Professor of Architecture Associate Professor of Anthropology _______________________________ Program Chair Frank G. Matero Professor of Architecture Acknowledgments This project was only possible through the constant support and guidance of my advisor and teacher Frank Matero. Thank you to Professor Clark Erickson, my reader, for his enthusiasm and patience. Many thanks to Dr. Alexei Vranich, Leonard Benitez, Georgia de Havenon, and Gionata Rizzi. The “Tiwanaku Team” from the Spring 2006 course, HSPV 743, Conservation of Archaeological Sites and Landscapes, deserves much credit and recognition for their assistance; in particular, for much of the background research, and, in general, for their continuous encouragement. Thank you to David Artigas, Christina Burris, Amila Ferron, Lauren Hall, Joseph Hang, Emily Lanza, Harry Ray, and Megan Schmitt. ii Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................ii TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................................ iii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ...........................................................................................................vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................1 1.1 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION..............................................................................................................1 1.2 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................3 CHAPTER 2: RECENT TRENDS IN THE CONSERVATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES ...5 2.1 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PRACTICE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE CONSERVATION .................................7 2.1.1 Role of Conservators in Archaeological Excavations...................................................................7 2.1.2 Integrative and Sustainability Approach ......................................................................................8 2.1.3 Values-Based Methodology ..........................................................................................................9 2.2 IMPORTANCE OF CONSERVATION PLANNING ......................................................................................12 2.2.1 Pre- and Post-Excavation Conservation.....................................................................................13 2.2.2 Critical Role of Documentation ..................................................................................................15 2.2.3 In-Situ Preservation Methods .....................................................................................................15 2.2.4 Presentation, Interpretation and Display ...................................................................................17 2.3 BROADER TRENDS:CULTURAL LANDSCAPE STUDIES AND CULTURAL TOURISM ...............................17 2.3.1 Cultural Landscapes...................................................................................................................18 2.3.2 Cultural Tourism and World Heritage........................................................................................19 2.4 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................21 CHAPTER 3: HISTORY, SIGNIFICANCE, AND CURRENT CONTEXT ........................................24 3.1 CULTURAL HISTORY............................................................................................................................24 3.2 ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY..................................................................................................................28 3.3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND CONSERVATION HISTORY..............................................................................34 3.4 ENVIRONMENT AND LAND-USE ..........................................................................................................42 3.5 PRESENTATION OF THE SITE...............................................................................................................46 3.5.1 Geographical Context—“Sacred Geography”...........................................................................46 3.5.2 The Monumental Complex ..........................................................................................................48 3.5.3 The Architecture .........................................................................................................................47 3.6 CULTURAL HERITAGE IN BOLIVIA ......................................................................................................51 3.6.1 Bolivian Government Structure ..................................................................................................51 3.6.2 National Cultural Heritage Legislation and Policy....................................................................53 3.6.3 International Cultural Heritage Policy.......................................................................................58 3.6.4 Other Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Sites in Bolivia....................................................59 3.7 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CLIMATE .................................................................................................61 3.7.1 Political Climate of the 1950s.....................................................................................................61 3.7.2 Current Political Climate ...........................................................................................................63 CHAPTER 4: THE GATEWAY OF THE SUN.......................................................................................66 4.1 ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTION AND CONSTRUCTION.........................................................................66 4.2 EXCAVATION AND CONSERVATION HISTORY ......................................................................................68 4.3 ICONOGRAPHY,INTERPRETATION .......................................................................................................73 4.4 CURRENT PRESENTATION ...................................................................................................................75 CHAPTER 5: MECHANISMS OF STONE DECAY: AN OVERVIEW...............................................77 5.1 SALT DAMAGE.....................................................................................................................................77 iii 5.2 ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION .................................................................................................................82 5.3 FREEZE-THAW AND THERMAL CYCLING ............................................................................................83 5.4 WIND EROSION ...................................................................................................................................87 5.5 CHEMICAL WEATHERING....................................................................................................................88 5.6 BIODETERIORATION............................................................................................................................89 5.7 HUMAN INFLUENCES ..........................................................................................................................91 5.8 IMPORTANCE OF MOISTURE................................................................................................................92 5.9 INTRINSIC VERSUS EXTRINSIC MECHANISMS .....................................................................................93