VISUAL POLITICAL COMMUNICATION Edited by Anastasia Veneti · Daniel Jackson · Darren G. Lilleker Visual Political Communication Anastasia Veneti • Daniel Jackson Darren G. Lilleker Editors Visual Political Communication Editors Anastasia Veneti Daniel Jackson Faculty of Media and Communication Faculty of Media and Communication Bournemouth University Bournemouth University Poole, UK Poole, UK Darren G. Lilleker Faculty of Media and Communication Bournemouth University Poole, UK ISBN 978-3-030-18728-6 ISBN 978-3-030-18729-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18729-3 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. 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Neither the pub- lisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institu- tional affiliations. Cover illustration: Alexandros Michailidis / Shutterstock This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to acknowledge all the people who assisted us in this endeavor. We first wish to thank the editorial team at Palgrave Macmillan, in particular, Ambra Finotello, Senior Editor (Politics), and Anne Birchley-­ Brun, Assistant Editor (Politics), for their constant assistance in the prepa- ration of the manuscript. Second, given the subject matter, it was crucial that we were able to show some of the key images that authors were writing about, so we thank the various rights holders for their permission to use images. Our thanks also go to Madi Ntasiakli and Iro Arvanitidou for their valuable help in image editing. We are grateful to all of the contributing authors for meeting deadlines, and for the spirit with which they pursued the (often tedious) process of image copyright permissions. Finally, the editors would like to thank their respective loved ones, Bec (Dan), Teresa (Darren), Ira, Maria, and Stamatis (Anastasia) for their con- stant love and support. v CONTENTS 1 Introduction: Visual Political Communication 1 Darren G. Lilleker, Anastasia Veneti, and Daniel Jackson Part I Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Visual Political Communication 15 2 The Digital Transformation of Visual Politics 17 Paul Messaris 3 The Power of Visual Political Communication: Pictorial Politics Through the Lens of Communication Psychology 37 Darren G. Lilleker 4 The Interdisciplinary Roots and Digital Branches of Visual Political Communication Research 53 Roman Gerodimos 5 Visual Methods for Political Communication Research: Modes and Affordances 75 Luc Pauwels vii viii Contents Part II The Use of Visuals in Political Campaigning 97 6 From Analogue to Digital Negativity: Attacks and Counterattacks, Satire, and Absurdism on Election Posters Offline and Online 99 Bengt Johansson and Christina Holtz-Bacha 7 Political Parties and Their Pictures: Visual Communication on Instagram in Swedish and Norwegian Election Campaigns 119 Uta Russmann, Jakob Svensson, and Anders Olof Larsson 8 Visual Political Communication in Italian Electoral Campaigns 145 Edoardo Novelli Part III Visual Governance 165 9 The Visual Presidency of Donald Trump’s First Hundred Days: Political Image-Making and Digital Media 167 Ryan T. Strand and Dan Schill 10 Greek Political Leaders on Instagram: Between “Soft” and “Hard” Personalization 187 Stamatis Poulakidakos and Iliana Giannouli 11 The Power of Smiling. How Politicians’ Displays of Happiness Affect Viewers’ Gaze Behavior and Political Judgments 207 Michael Sülflow and Marcus Maurer Contents ix Part IV Citizen-Led Forms of Visual Political Communication 225 12 #MoreInCommon: Collective Mourning Practices on Twitter and the Iconization of Jo Cox 227 Katy Parry 13 Picturing the Political: Embodied Visuality of Protest Imagery 247 Bolette B. Blaagaard 14 Connective Politics, Videos, and Algorithms: YouTube’s Mediation of Audiovisual Political Communication 265 Andrea Medrado, Simone do Vale, and Adilson Cabral Index 285 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Bolette B. Blaagaard is Associate Professor of Communication at Aalborg University, Copenhagen. She has published on critical perspec- tives on citizens’ engagements with and through media and is the co-­ editor of a number of titles, including Citizen Media and Public Spaces (with Mona Baker, 2016) and Cosmopolitanism and the New News Media (with Lilie Chouliaraki, 2014). She has moreover co-edited the special issues on “Digital Images and Globalized Conflict” (with Mette Mortensen & Christina Neumayer, Media, Culture & Society 39(8): 2017) and “The Ethics of Images” (with Lilie Chouliaraki, Visual Communications 12(3): 2013). Her first monographed book on citizen media is entitledCitizen Journalism as Conceptual Practice: Postcolonial Archives and Embodied Political Acts of New Media. Adilson Cabral is an associate professor at the Department of Communication and at the Postgraduate Program in Media and Everyday Life of Federal Fluminense University. He is the founder and leader of the Research Group EMERGE. His research focuses on communication policies, community communication, and the democratization of communications. Roman Gerodimos is Associate Professor in Global Current Affairs at Bournemouth University and a faculty member at the Salzburg Academy on Media and Global Change. His research focuses on globalization, democracy, and emerging patterns of engagement. He is the recipient of the Arthur McDougall Prize for his research on youth civic engagement. He is the co-editor of The Media, Political Participation & Empowerment (2013) and The Politics of Extreme Austerity: Greece in the Eurozone Crisis xi xii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS (2015). He has written, directed, and produced the award-winning short filmsAt the Edge of the Present and A Certain Type of Freedom, which draw on his research on public space, urban coexistence, and contemporary pat- terns of digital media use. Iliana Giannouli is a research assistant and Ph.D. candidate in commu- nication studies at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Her dissertation focuses on foreign correspondents based in Greece and their occupational culture. Her research interests include international news, international journalistic culture, and EU journalism. As a journalist in the health industry herself, she is also interested in med- ical journalism and the challenges of health reporters. Christina Holtz-Bacha is Professor of Communications at Friedrich-­ Alexander-­Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany. Her main research interests are in political communication, media systems, and European media policy. Among her most recent publications are The Routledge Handbook of Political Advertising (edited with Marion Just, 2017), Political Campaigning in the Public Space. Election Posters around the Globe (edited with Bengt Johansson, 2017), Political Populism. A Handbook (edited with Reinhard Heinisch and Oscar Mazzoleni, 2017), and Political Advertising in the 2014 European Parliament Elections (2016, edited with Edoardo Novelli and Kevin Rafter). Daniel Jackson is Associate Professor of Media and Communication at Bournemouth University. His research broadly explores the intersection of media and democracy, including news coverage of politics, the con- struction of news, political communication, and political talk in online environments. He has edited four books and is a co-editor of the election analysis reports, published within ten days of major electoral events. He is a convenor of the Journalism Research Group at Bournemouth University. Bengt Johansson is a professor in journalism and mass communication at the University of Gothenburg. His research and teaching focus is on political communication and crisis communication. Among his latest pub- lications are “Struggling for the Upper Hand. News Sources and Crisis Communication in a Digital Media Environment” (Journalism Studies, with Tomas Odén), “Sweden: Ten Years with Television Advertising” in Routledge Handbook of Political Advertising (edited by Christina Holtz-Bacha and Marion Just), and the edited volume (together with Christina Holtz-Bacha) Election Posters Around the Globe. NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xiii Anders Olof Larsson is a professor at Kristiania University College, Westerdals Institute for Communication and Design. His research inter- ests include the use of online interactivity and social