Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood 1 JOHN EVERETT MILLAIS, Ophelia, 1852. Oil on canvas, 2’ 6” x 3’ 8”. 2 Tate Gallery, London. DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI, Beata Beatrix, ca. 1863. Oil on canvas, 2’ 10” x 2’ 2”. Tate Gallery, London. 3 Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood • The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood occurred simultaneously as Realism in the _____________.1850’s This movement focused on fanciful, _____________________fictional and historical imagery. It was often based on literary works and featured _____________________idealized human forms. High level of detail in scenery was, however, achieved through ______________________observation and close studies. Artists from this movement did not want to be limited to contemporary scenes or social commentary like the Realist artists. • • How is the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood different from the Realism movement? Realism 5 GUSTAVE COURBET, The Stone Breakers, 1849. Oil on canvas, 5’ 3” x 8’ 6”. Formerly at Gemäldegalerie, 6 Dresden (destroyed in 1945). GUSTAVE COURBET, Burial at Ornans, 1849. Oil on canvas, approx. 10’ x 22’. Louvre, Paris. 7 JEAN-FRANÇOIS MILLET, The Gleaners, 1857. Oil on canvas, approx. 2’ 9” x 3’ 8”. Louvre, Paris. 8 HONORÉ DAUMIER, The Third-Class Carriage, ca. 1862. Oil on canvas, 2’ 1 3/4” x 2’ 11 1/2”. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 9 ÉDOUARD MANET, Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe (Luncheon on the Grass), 10 1863. Oil on canvas, approx. 7’ x 8’ 10”. Musée d’Orsay, Paris. ÉDOUARD MANET, Olympia, 1863. Oil on canvas, 11 4’ 3” x 6’ 3”. Musée d’Orsay, Paris. WINSLOW HOMER, The Veteran in a New Field, 1865. Oil on canvas, 2’ 1/8” x 3’ 2 1/8”. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York12 THOMAS EAKINS, The Gross Clinic, 1875. Oil on canvas, 8’ x 6’ 6”. Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia. 13 EDMONIA LEWIS, Forever Free, 1867. Marble, 3’ 5 1/4” x 11” x 7”. 14 Realism • This artistic movement, which lasted from 1850- __________1880’s developed in France. Subject matter that intrigued Realists artists such as ____________________Daumier and Edouard Manet was that of the __________________working class. These individuals were perceived as ‘simple and __________________’.honest By calling attention to political issues, artists provided a social _____________________commentary that revealed their dissatisfaction with the treatment of the lower classes. Realist artists also focused on the ____________________modern world. Work was based on _______________________,observation believing that an artist can only really depict what they see and know. Influences from photography helped Realism appear natural, for example the apparently random _____________________cropping of people from the picture plane was like that in a photograph. Realist artists also wanted to capture a ___________________fleeting moment in time. Realism • How is the Realism movement different from the Romanticism of the early 19th century? • How is the Realism movement similar to photography? Impressionism 17 CLAUDE MONET, Rouen Cathedral: The Portal (in Sun), 1894. Oil on canvas, 3’ 3 1/4” x 2’ 1 7/8”. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 18 19 CLAUDE MONET, Saint-Lazare Train Station, 1877. Oil on canvas, 20 2’ 5 3/4” x 3’ 5”. Musée d’Orsay, Paris. GUSTAVE CAILLEBOTTE, Paris: A Rainy Day, 1877. Oil on canvas, 21 approx. 6’ 9” x 9’ 9”. The Art Institute of Chicago PIERRE-AUGUSTE RENOIR, Le Moulin de la Galette, 1876. 22 Oil on canvas, approx. 4’ 3” x 5’ 8”. Louvre, Paris. ÉDOUARD MANET, A Bar at the Folies-Bergère, 1882. Oil on canvas, approx. 3’ 1” x 4’ 3”. Courtauld Institute of Art Gallery, London.23 EDGAR DEGAS, Ballet Rehearsal, 1874. Oil on canvas, 1’ 11” x 2’ 9”. 24 Glasgow Museum, Glasgow (The Burrell Collection). EDGAR DEGAS, The Tub, 1886. 25 MARY CASSATT, The Bath, ca. 1892. Oil on canvas, 3’ 3” x 2’ 2”. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago. 28 JAMES ABBOTT MCNEILL WHISTLER, Nocturne in Black and Gold (The Falling Rocket), ca. 1875. Oil on panel, 1’ 11 5/8” x 1’ 6 1/2”. Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit . 29 Impressionism • Impressionist artists were greatly influenced by the Realist movement, and also worked in the 1870- __________.1880’s Like Realism, Impressionism focused on the modern world, but specifically industrialized, urban ____________.Paris Leisurely and ____________________recreational activities were also often depicted. Impressionist work was also based on observation, but appeared much more ___________________,spontaneous placing more emphasis on ______________color and light rather than line. One of the earlier and most influential of Impressionist artists was ___________________.Monet Brushwork characteristic of Impressionist artists was _________________loose and considered a ‘broken-color’ technique. Many artists from this time period, and Post-Impressionism, got design inspirations from ______________________Japanese woodblock prints. • How is the Impressionism movement different from Realism movement? Post-Impressionism 31 VINCENT VAN GOGH, Starry Night, 1889. Oil on canvas, approx. 2’ 5” 33 x 3’ 1/4”. Museum of Modern Art, New York . PAUL GAUGUIN 34 GEORGES SEURAT, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte, 1884–1886. Oil on canvas, approx. 6’ 9” ´ 10’. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago.35 PAUL CÉZANNE, The Basket of Apples, ca. 1895. Oil on canvas, 36 2’ 3/8” x 2’ 7”. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago Post-Impressionism • Post-Impressionism followed the Impressionism movement at the end of the 19th century, from about ___________1880 - 1900. Post-Impressionist artists believed Impressionism lacked ____________________.structure Artwork from this time period frequently included an emphasis on _______________color theory. Like that of the prior artistic time period, Post- Impressionist artists also depicted recreational activities and used ____________________expressive color qualities. Stylized and loose ______________________brushwork was another similarity between Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, as well as the influences from Japanese ___________________woodblock prints. Artists such as Van Gogh were interested in including more of the artist’s own ___________________feelings in to the work, something they believed Impressionism also lacked. This trend influenced Symbolism. Post-Impressionism • How is Post-Impressionism similar to Impressionism? • How is Post-Impressionism different from Impressionism? Symbolism 39 PIERRE PUVIS DE CHAVANNES, The Sacred Grove, 1884. Oil on canvas, 2’ 11 1/2” x 6’ 10”. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago 40 ODILON REDON, The Cyclops, 1898. Oil on canvas, 2’ 1” x 1’ 8”. Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo, The Netherlands. 41 HENRI ROUSSEAU, The Sleeping Gypsy, 1897. Oil on canvas, 4’ 3” x 6’ 7”. Museum of Modern Art, New York. 42 EDVARD MUNCH, The Scream, 1893. Oil, pastel, and casein on cardboard, 2’ 11 3/4” x 2’ 5”. National Gallery, Oslo. 43 Symbolism • Symbolism, popular during the end of the 19th century, also focused on expressing the artist’s __________________.feelings Artwork from this time period was ___________NOT __ based on observation, but depicted a ____fantasy___________ ____-like world based on the artist’s imagination. • How Symbolism different from Post-Impressionism? .