Year 10, No. 1, June 2017, issn 2335-4194 Academica Turistica Tourism & Innovation Journal – Revija za turizem in inovativnost Year 10, No. 1, June 2017, issn 2335-4194 https://doi.org/10.26493/2335-4194.10(1) 3 The Role of Intermediaries in Community Capacity Building: Pro-Poor Tourism Perspective Hiroaki Saito 19 Slovenian Tourism Industry: E-Disabled Boštjan Brumen, Marjetka Rangus, Maja Turnšek Hančič, Tanja Lešnik Štuhec, and Mitja Gorenak 27 A Post Hoc Analysis of Learning Orientation–Innovation–Performance in the Hospitality Industry Shogo Mlozi 43 The Importance of Stakeholder Involvement in Strategic Development of Destination Management: The Case of the Mirna Valley Destination Maja Žibert, Marko Koščak, and Boris Prevolšek 57 Dimensional Structure of Satisfaction with Hotel Services Mladen Mitrović 69 Rock Art and Tourism in Tanzania: In Search for Innovations Kiagho Bukheti Kilonzo 83 Effectiveness of Macedonian Tourism Marketing Policy on Visitors at Tourism Fairs Dejan Galovski 91 Do Tourist Expenditures Matter for Growth in Botswana? A Vector Auto Regression Approach Strike Mbulawa and Samuel Chingoiro 103 Abstracts in Slovene – Povzetki v slovenščini 109 Instructions for Authors university of primorska press Executive Editor Janez Mekinc John K. Walton, Ikerbasque, Instituto Valentín de Editor-in-Chief Gorazd Sedmak Foronda, University of the Basque Country, Spain Associate Editors Aleksandra Brezovec, Suosheng Wang, Indiana University-Purdue Mitja Gorenak, and Dejan Križaj University Indianapolis, usa Technical Editors Peter Kopić Indexed in Centre International de Recherches and Tomi Špindler et d’Etudes Touristiques (ciret), Production Editor Alen Ježovnik cab International, and EconPapers. Editorial Board Published by University of Primorska Press Tanja Armenski, University of Novi Sad, Serbia University of Primorska Rodolfo Baggio, University di Bocconi, Italy Titov trg 4, si-6000 Koper Štefan Bojnec, University of Primorska, Slovenia E-mail: [email protected] Dimitrios Buhalis, Bournemouth University, uk Web: http://www.hippocampus.si Alan Clarke, Pannonian University, Hungary Editorial Office Academica Turistica Frederic Dimanche, Ryerson University, Canada Faculty of Tourism Studies – Turistica Jesse Dixon, San Diego State University, usa Obala 11a, si-6320 Portorož, Slovenia Johan Edelheim, University of Stavanger, Norway Telephone: +386 5 617-70-00 Felicite Fairer-Wessels, University of Pretoria, Fax: +386 5 617-70-20 South Africa E-mail: [email protected] Doris Gomezelj Omerzel, University of Primorska, Web: http://academica.turistica.si Slovenia Sotiris Hji-Avgoustis, Ball State University, usa Subscriptions The journal is distributed free Jafar Jafari, University of Wisconsin-Stout, usa, of charge. For information about postage University of Algarve, Portugal and packaging prices, please contact us at Sandra Jankovič, University of Rijeka, Croatia [email protected]. Anna Karlsdóttir, University of Iceland, Iceland Copy Editors Shelagh Hedges Maja Konečnik Ruzzier, University of Ljubljana, and Terry Troy Jackson Slovenia Cover Design Mateja Oblak Sonja Sibila Lebe, Univesity of Maribor, Slovenia Cover Photo Iztok Bončina Mara Manente, Cà Foscari University of Venice, Italy Printed in Slovenia by Birografika Bori, Ljubljana Yo el Mansfeld, University of Haifa, Israel Print Run 100 copies Tanja Mihalič, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Matjaž Mulej, Univesity of Maribor, Slovenia Academica Turistica – Revija za turizem in ino- Milena Peršič, University of Rijeka, Croatia vativnost je znanstvena revija, namenjena med- Jasna Potočnik Topler, Univesity of Maribor, Slovenia narodni znanstveni in strokovni javnosti; izhaja v Caroline Ritchie, University of Welsh Institute, uk angleščini s povzetki v slovenščini. Izid publikacije Vinod Sasidharan, San Diego State University, usa je finančno podprla Agencija za raziskovalno de- Regina Schlüter, National University of Quilmes, javnost Republike Slovenije iz sredstev državnega Argentina proračunaiznaslovarazpisazasofinanciranjedo- Marianna Sigala, University of the Aegean, Greece mačih znanstvenih periodičnih publikacij. Cristina Roxana Tănăsescu, Lucian Blaga University, issn 1855-3303 (printed) Romania issn 2335-4194 (online) Andreja Trdina, Univesity of Maribor, Slovenia 2|Academica Turistica, Year 10, No. 1, June 2017 The Role of Intermediaries in Community Capacity Building: Pro-Poor Tourism Perspective Hiroaki Saito Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, Japan [email protected] A growing recognition that tourism is a feasible strategy for poverty alleviation ex- plains why pro-poor tourism (ppt) has gained increased attention. While many de- veloping nations have benefited from the positive effects that ppt brings to their local economies, many communities are left behind due to their lack of capacity to conduct tourism activities. To develop local communities and introduce ppt, top- down (td) and bottom-up (bu) approaches have often been adopted; however, these approaches cannot yield expected outcomes without strong stakeholder intermedi- aries who play a crucial role in overcoming key challenges inherited in community capacity building. This study examines the roles of four types of stakeholder interme- diaries commonly discussed in community capacity building. Based on their roles and limitations, the study presents a framework that proposes a context in which each type of stakeholder intermediary contributes prominently to successful com- munity capacity building. The study provides valuable insights into how scholars and practitioners can consider the selection and application of different types of stake- holder intermediaries in community capacity building for the successful adaptation of ppt. Keywords: stakeholder intermediary, capacity building, local community, pro-poor tourism https://doi.org/10.26493/2335-4194.10.3-17 Introduction become a buzzword for many practitioners and aca- In recent decades, the tourism industry has shown demics. Indeed, published books, organizational re- dramatic growth around the world. With the grow- ports, and academic journal articles acknowledge sev- ing recognition of the positive effects that tourism eral benefits that ppt brings to local communities in brings to national economies, many nations have com- developing nations. These benefits include increased menced introducing tourism activities into their na- employment opportunities for local people (Pro-Poor tional plans for economic development. As tourism Tourism Partnership, 2004); development of extensive contributes to the growth of gdp in most nations, its linkages and wider participation of the informal sec- positive impacts, created in developing nations and tor, which generates positive multiplier effects on eco- particularly their local communities, are substantial. nomically disadvantaged groups (African Pro-Poor The idea of ‘tourism as a strategy for poverty allevi- Tourism Development Centre, 2006); and other in- ation’ has become widespread and pro-poor tourism direct benefits, such as government support for new (ppt), defined as tourism that generates net benefits infrastructure or community welfare services, which for the poor by using the advantages that tourism of- improves the lives of local people (Goodwin, 2008). fers to developing nations (Roe, 2001), and ppt has While ppt seems to be a panacea for poverty alle- Academica Turistica, Year 10, No. 1, June 2017 |3 Hiroaki Saito The Role of Intermediaries in Community Capacity Building viation in developing nations, its introduction often with relevant examples. Based on the analysis of each faces many challenges. Among them, one of the most stakeholder’s intermediary characteristics, the study widely publicized issues is a lack of community ca- then proposes the specific contexts where each stake- pacity to adopt tourism business in local communities holder intermediary can provide a more prominent (Chok,Macbeth,&Warren,2007;Spenceley&Good- contribution to successful community capacity build- win, 2007). ing. Finally, a framework that depicts these proposi- To build community capacity for adopting ppt, tions is presented, and theoretical and practical im- many developing nations have employed various strat- plications, limitations, and future studies are also dis- egies. Among them, top-down (td) and bottom-up cussed. (bu) approaches are the most commonly used. How- ever, it has been argued that these approaches will Community Capacity Building not yield expected outcomes without strong stake- Community capacity is defined as ‘the interaction of holder intermediaries who coordinate the multiple human capital, organizational resources, and social stakeholders and effectively foster community capac- capital existing within a given community, that can be ity building (Aref, Redzuan, Emby, & Gill, 2009). leveraged to solve collective problems and improve or While previous research identified various terms to maintain the wellbeing of that community’ (Chaskin, conceptualize different types of stakeholder interme- Brown, Venkatesh, & Vidal, 2001, p. 7). Community diaries, there has been a lack of consensus in under- capacity considered adequate to conduct tourism busi- standing their roles and limitations in community ness is the prerequisite for adopting ppt; however, capacity building. More specifically, researchers and many local communities in developing nations do not practitioners have very limited understanding of what possess these capacities. They often do not have