This book is the revised version of a dissertation thesis handed in at Leuphana University Lüneburg. Henrike Knappe Doing Democracy Differently Political Practices and Transnational Civil Society Budrich UniPress Ltd. Opladen • Berlin • Toronto 2017 © This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA. © Dieses Werk ist bei Verlag Barbara Budrich erschienen und steht unter folgender Creative Commons Lizenz: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/de/ Verbreitung, Speicherung und Vervielfältigung erlaubt, kommerzielle Nutzung und Veränderung nur mit Genehmigung des Verlags Barbara Budrich. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from Die Deutsche Bibliothek (The German Library) This book is available as a free download from www.barbara-budrich.net (https://doi.org/10.3224/86388720). A paperback version is available at a charge. The page numbers of the open access edition correspond with the paperback edition. ISBN 978-3-86649-444-2 eISBN 978-3-86388-312-6 DOI 10.3224/86388720 Barbara Budrich Publishers Stauffenbergstr. 7. D-51379 Leverkusen Opladen, Germany 86 Delma Drive. Toronto, ON M8W 4P6 Canada www.barbara-budrich.net Jacket illustration by Bettina Lehfeldt, Kleinmachnow – www.lehfeldtgraphic.de Editing: Alison Romer, Lancaster, UK Typesetting: Ulrike Weingärtner, Gründau, Germany Table of Contents Abbreviations . 7 Acknowledgments . 9 Introduction . 11 Part I Conceptual Foundations of Democratic Practice in Transnational Civil Society Networks . 19 1 Practice Theory: a New Perspective on Transnational Politics and Democracy . 27 1.1 Defining and Changing Rules “as we go along” . 30 1.2 Practicing Norms . 36 1.3 Political Practice and Democratic Norms . 41 2 Participatory and Deliberative Democracy: From Equality Norms to Argumentative Rationalities . 45 2.1 Participatory Democracy . 45 2.1.1 Equality and Popular Sovereignty . 46 2.1.2 The Triad of Participation, Equality and Freedom . 48 2.2 Deliberative Democracy . 57 2.2.1 The Epistemic Perspective on Deliberation . 58 2.2.2 The Participatory Claims of Deliberative Democracy . 63 2.3 The Prospects of Participatory and Deliberative Democracy for Transnational Civil Society Networks . 67 2.4 Conclusions . 73 3 Representation and Democracy: Performing Control and Accountability . 77 3.1 Authors, Personations and Organs . 78 3.2 Democratic Norms and Forms of Representation . 81 3.3 The Prospects of Non-electoral Representation for Transnational Civil Society Networks . 88 3.4 Conclusions . 97 Part II Exploring Political Practice in Two Transnational Civil Society Networks . 99 4 Researching Practices . 101 4.1 Methodological Assumptions of a Reconstructive Analysis . 102 4.2 Qualitative Semi-structured Interviews . 106 4.3 The Method of Reconstructive Analysis . 109 4.4 The Cases . 112 5 Political Practices in Transnational Civil Society Networks – An Exploration . 119 5.1 A Campaign for Better Working Conditions in the Garment Industry: the CCC . 122 5.2 A Network for Environmental Protection Worldwide: FoE . 128 5.3 The Political Practices of Representation, Participation and Deliberation . 133 5.4 Conclusions . 179 6 Situated Democratic Norms . 183 6.1 Participatory Norms and Practices . 185 6.2 Deliberative Norms and Practices . 192 6.3 Representative Norms and Practices . 198 7 Conclusions: Transnational Democratic Practice . 203 References . 207 Tables Table 1: Analytical Heuristics of Political Practice . 121 Table 2: Political Practices in the Transnational Civil Society Networks and Democratic Norms . 183 Abbreviations CCC Clean Clothes Campaign CCS Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage CEE Central-and Eastern Europe C&A Clemens and August Brenninkmeijer CS Civil society CSR Corporate Social Responsibility ECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social Council EU European Union FoE Friends of the Earth GMO Genetically modified organism FoEE Friends of the Earth Europe FoEI Friends of the Earth International H&M Hennes & Mauritz ILO International Labour Organisation IR International Relations NGO Non-governmental organization OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SMO Social movement organization UN United Nations WWF World Wide Fund for Nature WTO World Trade Organization 7 Acknowledgments Many people are involved when ideas are born and books are written. They for his support and guidance while at the same time granting me great lib- erty.inspire, I extend reflect, my and gratitude provide to pat Thomasient ad vice.Saretzki I w antand t oJens thank Steffek Dawid for F advisingriedrich me through the different stages of this dissertation, the Leuphana Universi- ty Lüneburg for the generous stipend that allowed me to spend three years writing and studying in a very motivating and inspirational environment, as well as Ferdinand Müller-Rommel for his ongoing support as Director of the Centre for the Study of Democracy. I also want to thank Patrizia Nanz, whom I strength. The Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) generously supportedmet during this the publication.final steps of I thisam verydissertation grateful andfor this.who taught me courage and I am indebted to my colleagues and friends who contributed in so many - colleaguesdifferent w aysat the with Centre great for gener theosity Study – offrom Democracy discussing at firstthe Leuphana ideas and Univeraccom- sitypanying Lüneburg, me thr oughthe Transdemos doctoral life researchto the last group steps ofin rStockholm,eading final my chapt interviewers: my interpretation group, my colleagues at the Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities Essen, Amy Alexander, Lance Bennett, Basil Bornemann, Fe- lipe Böttcher, Natalie Bowers, Andrea Carvallo-Britze, Jonas Ecke, Christoph Eggersglüß, Alejandro Esguerra Portocarrero, Charlotte Freund, Marianne Goldin, Jan-Hendrik Kamlage, Juliane Klein, Gloria Kremser, Jan Kruse, Sabine Lang, Isabel May, Astrid Messer, Nadine Sander, Alexandra Segerberg, Esther Seha, Berenike Söllner, Thomas Sommerer, Jonas Tallberg, Julia Weitzel and Harm-Berend Wiegmann. Sarah Rögl and Sumi Jessien from Budrich UniPress guided me with great patience through the publication process. I am deeply grateful to my family women Sabine, Henrike and Tina who have been there for me since long before this book journey started and Miklas, who accompanied me through this adventure with trust and love. This book could literally not have been written without the trust, recep- tivity and curiosity of my interview partners. They gave me their time and opened their world for me. They make up a great part of this book and I am extremely grateful to have met each one of them. I engaged in a critical anal- ysis of the problems, pitfalls and options of transnational democracy in civil society contexts. This should not diminish the courage and inspiring power of the many activists around the world who work so hard to show us perspec- tives for a better future. This book is dedicated to them. 9 Introduction The transnational1 realm is composed of many different individual and collec- tive actors such as complex international bureaucracies, national government representatives, social movement coalitions and multinational corporations, which are connected through more or less formalized relations and a myriad space evolved over recent decades. The growing number of intergovernmen- talof int forumseractions, and transnationalpractices and dnetworks,ynamics. Thiswhich configur often consistation of of the representatives transnational from national executive organs and mainly unelected private actors (Chilton - tional parliaments and an empowerment of executive authorities, who are sit- ting1995; together Dingwerth as ministers, 2006; Tallberg prime et al. ministers 2008) maror presidentsks a disempo at thewerment negotiation of na tables (see e.g. Zürn 2002). At the same time, civil society organizations have discourses as well as in formal hearings of international organizations and consequentlybuilt transnational managed coalitions, to diversify increased and strengthen their influence their relationshipsas voices in ginlobal the transnational arena. In this space of multi-faceted transnational relations, a democratic “system” is hardly imaginable. However, democratic theorists and International Relations (IR) scholars attempted to approach transnational normative concepts focus on the institutional architecture of a possible dem- democracy as a normative concept as well as an empirical study field. While research mainly concentrates on the transnational civil society which is sup- posedocratic to system democratize (Held 1995;the governance Archibugi ofet al. international 1998; Bohman organizations 2007), empirical and the - 2010,transnational Hahn and spher Holzscheitere more gener 2013).ally (see Beisheim 2001, Scholte 2007, Frie drichGlobal 2008, governance Beauzamy scholars2010, Macdonald have already and claimed Macdonald that the 2010 different, Steffek institu et al.- tional preconditions of the global order demand a distinct institutional archi- tecture of global democracy (MacDonald and Macdonald 2010). Nation state democratic institutions could not democratically control the multiple forms of public power of different state and non-state actors (ibid.). While democratic 1 The term “transnational“ refers