Papers 1-9 Friday Morning Papers and Posters Presented at the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society The Hyatt Regency San Francisco, San Francisco, California November 22-24, 1991 A1TENTION I ASSOCIA11VE LEARNING: ANIMAL I Embarcadero AB, Friday Morning, 8:00-9:40 Embarcadero CD, Friday MoroiJIK, 8:00-9:50 Chaired by lanu!s C. lohnston. NASA-Ames Research Center Chaired by Lorraine G. Allan, McMaster University 8:00-8:20 (1) 8:00-8:15 (6) Selective Attention to an Item Is Stored as a Feature 01 the Item. Iocentive Shifts 10 Pavloviao Fear CoadItIoaIoa: A US Modula­ GEORGE SPERLING, New York Uniwmty, & STEPHEN A. WURSf, tion View. MICHAEL S. FANSELOW & STACEY L. YOUNG, SUNY at Oswego-Subjects must detect a repetition in a stream of 30 UCU-CSs associated with painful USs produce a naloxone reversi­ characters flashed at to per second. Items alternate in either color ble analgesia which acts as negative feedback, reducing the impact of (black/white). size, orientation, or spetial frequency . Selectively attending predicted USs. Accordingly, naloxone "disregulated" conditioning; a feature (e.g., black) never improves detection of repeated attended learning curves went to the same asymptote regardless of US intensity . (black) versus unattended (white) items. Many counterintuitive results Shifting drug treatment during acquisition had effects that paralleled US are explained by assuming (I) all items are stored in short -term mem­ intensity shifts. Naloxone blocks the retarded acquisition found when ory (there is no perceptual flItering) and (2) attention to an item is itself strong shock experience follows mild shock. These data indicate that stored as a feature of that item. US intensity effects can be explained by conditional analgesic processes. 8:25-8:40 (2) 8:20-8:35 (7) Wby is There a Set-8ize Effect 10 Visual Search? JOHN PALMER Behavioral, Vocal, and Hormonal ReiatioDlhipalo Five Captive & CYNTHIA T. AMES, University of Washington-Set-size effects in AIrk:ao Elephants. MELISSA R. SHYAN, ROBERT H. I. DALE, visual search may be due to attentional effects on perception or to ef­ Butler University, JOHN K. CRITSER, ESTHER NOILES, Metlwdist fects of sensation, decision, or memory . In simple search tasks such Hospilal ofIndiana , Inc. , & DEBORAH J. OLSON, Indionopolis Zoo--­ as detecting a long line among short lines, we have previously found Five captive African elephants were studied to compare behaviors and the modest set-size effect predicted by an attentional effect on only de­ vocal activities to their estrous cycles. Their behaviors were observed cision and not perception. To pursue this result, we investigated several over a two-year period. Vocalizations were recorded and analyzed to more complex search tasks that have larger set-size effects. determine whether an estrogen-related voca1ization used to attract mates 8:45-8:55 (3) (the "estrous song") was being produced. These data are being ana­ The Stroop Effect: Iocorporatiog Noocolor Words Ioto the lyzed to determine whether these vocalizations and any associated be­ RespIMR Set. COLIN M. MACLEOD & STUART A. GRANT, Uniwr­ haviors could be used as noninvasive behavioral markers for peak fer­ sity of Toronto. Scarborough Campw-In the classic Stroop effect, in­ tility during the estrous cycles. compatible color words interfere with naming the ink colors in which 8:40-8:55 (8) they are printed (e.g., the word "red" in green ink. say "green"). Or­ Modulation 01 Ethanol Relolorcement by Pavloviao Coodldoaed dinarily, noncolor words (e.g .• "horse") interfere virtually not at all Tolerance. CHRISTOPHER L. CUNNINGHAM, Oregon Health with color naming because they are not possible responses. We describe Sciences University-Previous studies show that stimuli correlated with a situation wherein noncolor words interfere as much as color words, ethanol injections come to elicit a hyperthermic response which inter­ we investigate its parameters, and we consider its implications for in­ feres with the drug's unconditioned hypothermic effect, thereby produc­ terpretations of the Stroop effect. ing tolerance. The present study shows development of a similar con­ 9:00-9:10 (4) ditioned response to a stimulus that signals aVailability of orally Beyond Reaction Time: A Forced-Cholce Procedure lor Study­ self-administered ethanol in a discrete-tria1 operant task. Responding ing Visual Search. JAMES L. ZACKS & ROSE T. ZACKS, Michi­ for ethanol was greater on signaled than on unsignaled tria1s, suggest­ gan State University-Investigation of visual search processes has relied ing conditioned tolerance to ethanol's thermal effect altered its reinforcing heavily on RT procedures. We will describe a forced-choice procedure efficacy. with limited duration displays that can be used to provide converging 9:00-9: 15 (9) evidence of a serial search process, and estimates of the parameters that Flavor-Drug As8cM:latioDS Produced by PosItively ReloIon:iDa characterize the search process. The estimates are based on both the Drup: A Dose-RespoDSe Analysis. LINDA A. PARKER, Wilfrid changes in the threshold duration as a function of array size and on the Laurier University-Drugs which are positively reinforcing in a place' shape of the psychometric functions relating accuracy to presentation conditioning or self-administration paradigm have also been shown to duration. have aversive properties at equiva1ent doses in a conditioned taste aversion 9:15-9:35 (5) (CTA) paradigm. A series of experiments with Sprague-Dawley rats Asymmetries 10 Visual Search lor Conjunctively Deftned Targets. investigated this paradox using the taste reactivity and CT A paradigms. ASHER COHEN, Indiana University-This study demonstrates asym­ Taste reactivity responses elicited by sucrose, which was paired on five metry in visual search for conjunctively defmed targets despite sym­ occasions with various doses of o-amphetamine (0, 2, 3, S, 10 mglltg, metry in search between the simple features that define these targets. i.p.), nicotine (0, .4, .8. 1.2, 2.0 mgl1tg, s.c.), or morphine (0, 2, 8, For instance, search for a red X among red Os and blue Xs is faster 20,80 mgIlr;p. i.p.), were measured. The only doses of these drugs which under some circumstances than search for a red 0 among red Xs effectively conditioned rejection taste reactivity responses were those and blue Os, while there is symmetry in search between Xs and Os. that are higher than those capable of producing a place preference. How­ An explanation of this phenomenon is proposed and supported by several ever, lower doses, which were within the range capable of producing experiments. a place preference, produced aCTA. 473 Friday Morning Papers 10-21 9:20-9:30 (10) tion hypotheses, but fmdings are in line with the T -trial programming Spedficlfy or Pavlovian Drug Conditioning Effects 00 Drug-Taking hypothesis. Bebavior. MARVIN D. KRANK, Mount Allison University-Pavlov­ 9:30-9:45 (16) ian theories of addiction postulate that conditional stimuli (CSs) for drug Pavlovian Principles in Human Parallel Distributed Processing. effects exert motivational control over drug-taking behavior. I tested ROBERT FRANK WEISS, NICHOLAS B. McDONALD, CHRISTINE the nature and specificity of drug CS effects on operant behavior for LITTLE, & ROBERT D. SHULL, University ofOklahoma-The least­ ethanol, using the transfer of training design. The results indicate that mean-squares solution for parallel distributed processing is mathematically a discrete cue light CS trained with response-independent ethanol has identical to the Rescorla-Wagner equation for Pavlovian conditioning. an incentive effect on ethanol-reinforced behavior. The incentive ef­ This unexpected confluence of cognition and conditioning is sparking fects influence both general appetitive behavior (e.g., approach) and interest among cognitive psychologists in the strange new laws of Pav­ reinforcer specific choice behavior. lovian conditioning successfully predicted by Rescorla-Wagner theory. 9:35-9:45 (11) In experiments that make full use of the techniques of modem condi­ The Comparator Ratio: Stimulus Control or the Numerator. tioning research, we demonstrate a human analog of Pavlovian blocking. T. JAMES MATTHEWS, ORN BRAGASON, & BENETTA YEE, 9:50-10:05 (17) New York University-Pigeons were tested on two random time sched­ Memory ror Fractal Textures. KEITH CLAYTON & DAVID L. ules of food reinforcement in which a response key was transilluminated GILDEN, Vanderbilt University-Ecological surveys ofnatura1 textures throughout the trial by yellow light which increased at either a fixed that were measured on the fractal dimension reveal a greater frequency rate or at a variable rate that was proportional to the trial duration. On of textures with beta near 2. Recent psychophysical research shows max­ the fixed-rate procedure, subjects initiated autoshaped pecking at a fixed imal sensitivity to fractal contours with beta near 2. In the present study, time before the reinforcer. On the longer trials of the variable-rate proce­ images varying in fractal dimension (five levels of beta from .8 to 4) dure, subjects responded at the midpoint of the trial. were presented to subjects followed by a forced-choice recognition test. Memory was poorest for images with beta near 2. HUMAN LEARNINGIMEMORY I 10:10-10:20 (18) PaCUlC West DE, Friday Morning, 8:00-10:50 Prospective Memory: The Effects or Cue Familiarity and Cue Dis­ tinctiveness. MARK A. McDANIEL, Purdue University, & GILLES O. Chaired by Denise C. Park, University of Georgia EINSTEIN, Furman University-Apparent similarities between cued retrospective memory tasks and event-based prospective memory tasks 8:00-8:15 (12) prompted the hypothesis that the familiarity and the distinctiveness of The Effect or Cue and Retrieval Strategy Compatibility in Part-List the target event (cue) would influence prospective memory performance. Cuing Inhibition. DAVID R. BASDEN & BARBARA H. BASDEN, The data confIrmed that unfamiliar target events and target events that California State University, Fresno (read by Barbara H. Basden)­ were distinctive relative to the local context benefited prospective mem­ Providing some of the study-list members at recall is inhibitory.