Archaisms and innovations four interconnected studies on Germanic historical phonology and morphology Hansen, Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard Publication date: 2014 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Hansen, B. S. S. (2014). Archaisms and innovations: four interconnected studies on Germanic historical phonology and morphology. Det Humanistiske Fakultet, Københavns Universitet. Download date: 01. okt.. 2021 FACULTY OF HUMANITIE S UNIVERSITY OF COPENH AGEN Ph .D. thesis Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard Hansen Archaisms and innovations four interconnected studies on Germanic historical phonology and morphology i Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................... V 1. Grammatical terms ....................................................................................................................................................... v 2. Linguanyms .................................................................................................................................................................. vi 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 5 1.1. Archaisms and innovations ....................................................................................................................................... 6 1.2. Aim and purpose of the present thesis ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.3. Structure and limitations of the present thesis ........................................................................................................ 7 1.4. General features of the individual articles ............................................................................................................... 8 2. METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................... 11 2.1. The Comparative Method ....................................................................................................................................... 11 2.1.1. How to apply the Comparative Method on linguistic data ................................................................................. 11 2.1.2. Potential shortcomings of the Comparative Method .......................................................................................... 12 2.2. Internal Reconstruction .......................................................................................................................................... 13 2.3. Analogy ..................................................................................................................................................................... 14 2.3.1. Proportional analogy .......................................................................................................................................... 14 2.3.2. Analogical or paradigmatic levelling ................................................................................................................. 14 2.3.3. Analogical processes of particular relevance to the present thesis ..................................................................... 15 2.4. Lexical borrowings .................................................................................................................................................. 17 2.4.1. Lexical borrowings from known sources ........................................................................................................... 17 2.4.2. Lexical borrowings from unknown sources ....................................................................................................... 17 2.4.3. Borrowing processes of particular relevance to the present thesis ..................................................................... 19 ARTICLE NO. 1: LAYERS OF ROOT NOUNS IN GERMANIC: CHRONOLOGY, STRUCTURE AND ORIGIN .............................................................................................. 20 1. Communis opinio on root nouns ................................................................................................................................ 20 2. Material ....................................................................................................................................................................... 22 3. Three layers of Germanic root nouns ....................................................................................................................... 39 3.1. Layer I: Root nouns inherited from Proto-Indo-European .................................................................................... 39 3.1.1. Apparent counterexamples ................................................................................................................................. 40 3.2. Layer IIa: Unsegmentable substrate or loan words reanalysed as root nouns in Proto-Germanic ........................ 43 3.3. Layer IIb: Nouns from other declensions reanalysed as root nouns in Proto-Germanic or in parts of the Germanic dialect continuum ......................................................................................................................................................... 44 3.4. Layer III: Nouns from other declensions reanalysed as root nouns in North Germanic ....................................... 45 4. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................... 47 ii ARTICLE NO. 2: THE STRUCTURE, FORM AND FUNCTION OF THE GERMANIC PRIMARY I-STEMS ........................................................................................................... 51 1. General characteristics of i-stems and their inflection ............................................................................................ 51 2. Form and function of the Germanic primary i-stems .............................................................................................. 54 2.1. Masculine i-stem verbal abstracts derivationally matching the ablaut grade found in the stem of the preterite participle of a corresponding strong verb ..................................................................................................................... 54 2.1.1. I-stem verbal abstracts corresponding to class I strong verbs ............................................................................ 55 2.1.2. I-stem verbal abstracts corresponding to class II strong verbs ........................................................................... 62 2.1.3. I-stem verbal abstracts corresponding to class III strong verbs ......................................................................... 69 2.1.4. I-stem verbal abstracts corresponding to class IV strong verbs ......................................................................... 78 2.1.5. I-stem verbal abstracts corresponding to class V strong verbs ........................................................................... 81 2.1.6. I-stem verbal abstracts corresponding to class VI strong verbs ......................................................................... 82 2.1.7. I-stem verbal abstracts corresponding to class I-VII reduplicated strong verbs ................................................. 86 2.2. Masculine i-stem verbal abstracts corresponding to a strong verb but displaying unexpected radical ablaut grade ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 88 2.2.1. I-stem verbal abstracts corresponding to class I strong verbs ............................................................................ 89 2.2.2. I-stem verbal abstracts corresponding to class II strong verbs ........................................................................... 89 2.2.3. I-stem verbal abstracts corresponding to class III strong verbs ......................................................................... 92 2.2.4. I-stem verbal abstracts corresponding to class IV strong verbs ......................................................................... 97 2.2.5. I-stem verbal abstracts corresponding to class V strong verbs ........................................................................... 97 2.2.6. I-stem verbal abstracts corresponding to class VI strong verbs ......................................................................... 98 2.2.7. I-stem verbal abstracts corresponding to class I-VII reduplicated strong verbs ................................................. 98 2.3. I-stem nouns with no correspondence to a strong verb ......................................................................................... 99 2.4. I-stem adjectives ................................................................................................................................................. 105 3. Form and function of Indo-European primary i-stems ......................................................................................... 106 3.1. Indo-Iranian (represented here by Sanskrit) ........................................................................................................ 106 3.2. Greek ..................................................................................................................................................................