Afghanistan 1 1. Afghanistan ____________________________________________________________________________ Governmental Largest party / Votes for the Total Total Voters as a system / year chief executive largest party votes population percentage of election % of total of the total votes / seats population ____________________________________________________________________________ Executive dominance, 1919-1964 19191 Amir Aman Ullah 100.0 0 5 809 000 0 19291 King M. Nader Shah 100.0 0 8 676 000 0 19331 King M. Zahir Shah 100.0 0 9 824 000 0 Concurrent powers, 1965-72 (50-50%) Parliamentary elections: 19652 Independents 100.0 --- 15 050 000 (2.0) 19693 Independents 100.0 1 500 000 16 520 000 9.0 Executive elections: 19331 King M. Zahir Shah 100.0 0 9 824 000 0 Executive dominance, 1973- 19734 Gen. Daoud Khan 100.0 0 15 920 000 0 19785 Provisional government 100.0 0 15 110 000 0 19795 Babrak Karmal 100.0 --- 15 551 000 0 19876 Mohammad Najibullah 100.0 --- 15 219 000 0 19927 Transitional governments 100.0 --- 16 494 000 0 20018 Interim government 100.0 --- 22 000 000 0 20029 Hamid Karzai 82.2 1 575 23 400 000 0 1. Wint 1969: 66-70; World Parliaments 1998: 3-4; Elections in Asia, Vol. I 2001: 511. The King's absolute dominance until the 1964 constitution. According to the 1964 constitution, executive power was vested in the king. Afghanistan 2 2. See Griffiths 1967: 90-95, 107-198. He says that even in cities the poll was not higher than 5- 10 percent of those eligible to vote and that in the rural areas it was often as little as 2 percent. Political parties were not allowed to take part in elections. Cf. Wint 1969: 71. 3. Keesing's 1969: 23712; Elections in Asia, Vol. I: 2001: 510. 4. Banks 1977: 3-4; Banks and Overstreet 1982-83: 3-5. Military coup deposed King Muhammad Zahir Shah on July 17, 1973. Daoud's regime was overthrown by a left-wing coup on April 27, 1978. 5. Banks and Overstreet 1982-83: 3-6. Coup d'état in April 1978 and provisional governments in 1978-79. A Soviet-supported coup on December 27, 1979. The country became partly occupied by Soviet troops. 6. Banks 1988: 3-5. Najibullah was named President of the Republic by the Grand National Assembly on November 30, 1987. 7. Banks 1997: 3-7; WFB 2000: 1-2. Najibullah resigned on April 16, 1992. Mujaheddin forces assumed power in the capital and established a provisional government in April 1992. Various and competing provisional governments and civil war in 1992-2001. Taliban forces seized power in Kabul in September 1996. 8. Keesing's 2001: 44503-505. After the military defeat of Taliban forces, a new interim government led by Hamid Karzai was established in December 2001. 9. Keesing's 2002: 44838. Interim presidency election, 13 June 2002. The Loya Jirga (Great Council) the council of tribal elders, elected Karzai for the interim presidency. Albania 1 2. Albania ____________________________________________________________________________ Governmental Largest party / Votes for the Total Total Voters as a system / year chief executive largest party votes population percentage of election % of total of the total votes / seats population ____________________________________________________________________________ Executive dominance, 1914-20 19141 Provisional government 100.0 0 650 000 0 Parlamentarian dominance, 1921-23 19212 People's Party of Zogu 38.0 0 748 000 0 19232 Zogu-group 42.0 0 804 000 0 Executive dominance, 1924-39 19243 Zogu's dominance 100.0 0 832 000 0 Occupied by Italy and Germany in 1939-44.3 Parliamentary dominance, 1945- 19443 Provisional government 100.0 0 1 132 000 0 19454 Democratic Front 93.2 542 400 1 110 000 48.8 19504 Democratic Front 98.2 637 578 1 220 000 52.3 19544 DemocraticFront 99.9 701 942 1 340 000 52.4 19584 Democratic Front 100.0 788 123 1 510 000 52.2 19624 Democratic Front 100.0 889 868 1 710 000 52.0 19664 Democratic Front 100.0 978 157 1 910 000 51.2 19705 Democratic Front 100.0 1 097 123 2 170 000 50.5 19746 Democratic Front 100.0 1 248 530 2 370 000 52.7 19787 Democratic Front 100.0 1 436 285 2 610 000 55.0 19827 Democratic Front 100.0 1 627 959 2 783 000 58.5 19877 Democratic Front 100.0 1 830 652 3 076 000 59.5 19918 Party of Labour of Albania 67.6 1 963 586 3 255 000 60.3 19929 Democratic Party 65.7 1 830 000 3 363 000 54.4 Albania 2 199610 Democratic Party 55.5 1 963 344 3 870 000 50.7 199710 Socialist Party of Albania 65.2 1 412 929 3 731 000 37.8 200111 Socialist Party of Albania 52.1 1 323 900 3 100 000 42.7 National referendums 19941 1 referendum - - - 5.0 19972 1 referendum - - - 5.0 19983 1 referendum - - - 5.0 1. See Braunias 1932, Vol.I: 1-2; Albania. Basic Handbook 1943: 37-43; DieWahl der Parlamente 1969: 57-59; World Parliaments 1998: 4-9. Provisional governments in 1914-20. 2. Die Wahl der Parlamente 1969: 59-60. Distribution of seats. Indirect elections. Cf. Albania. Basic Handbook 1943: 37; Cook and Paxton 1975: 107. 3. See Albania. Basic Handbook. Part 1. 1943: 38-43; Pano 1968: 20-24; Die Wahl der Parlamente 1969: 60-63; Banks 1997. Parliamentary system ended to a violent coup d'etat in June 1924, which overthrew Zogu's government, but Zogu returned to power with the help of Yugoslavian troops in January 1925. Enver Hoxha's provisional communist government from November 29, 1944. 4. Die Wahl der Parlamente 1969: 65. 5. IPU 1970-71. 6. Keesing's 1974: 26856. 7. IPU 1978-79, 1982-83; 1986-87. 8. IPU 1990-91; Keesing's 1991: 38160; Global Report 1997: 54. Distribution of seats. 9. IPU 1991-92; Keesing's 1992: 38829, 38878; Global Report 1997: 54. Distribution of seats. 10. IPU 1997; Global Report 1997: 54. Distribution of seats. 11. IPU 2001; Keesing's 2001: 44307. Distribution of seats. People's Assembly election, 24 June and 8 July 2001. Referendums: Albania 3 1. Keesing's 1994: 49297. 2. Keesing's 1997: 41748, 41789. 3. Keesing's 1998: 42580, 42643. Algeria 1 3. Algeria ___________________________________________________________________________ Governmental Largest party / Votes for the Total Total Voters as a system / year chief executive largest party votes population percentage of election % of total votes of the total / seats population ____________________________________________________________________________ Parliamentary dominance, 1962 19621 National Liberation Front 100.0 5 303 661 10 920 000 48.6 Executive dominance, 1963-96 19632 Ahmed Ben Bella 99.6 5 827 618 11 210 000 52.0 19653 Boumedienne's government 100.0 0 11 920 000 0 19764 Houari Boumedienne 99.4 7 515 894 17 300 000 43.4 19795 Col. Bendjedid Chadli 99.3 7 489 700 18 104 000 41.4 19846 Bendjedid Chadli 95.4 9 150 000 21 052 000 43.5 19886 Bendjedid Chadli 93.3 11 369 304 23 719 000 47.9 19927 Military government 100.0 0 26 271 000 0 19958 Gen. Liamine Zeroual 61.3 11 619 532 28 548 000 40.7 Concurrent powers, 1997- (50-50 %) Parliamentary elections: 19979 National Democratic Rally 33.7 10 496 352 29 050 000 36.1 200211 National Liberation Front 51.2 7 420 867 32 700 000 22.7 Presidential elections: 19958 Gen. Liamine Zeroual 61.3 11 619 532 28 548 000 40.7 199910 Abdelaziz Bouteflika 73.8 10 093 611 30 774 000 32.8 National referendums 19621 1 referendum - - - 5.0 19631 1 referendum - - - 5.5 19761 2 referendums - - - 10.0 Algeria 2 19861 1 referendum - - - 5.0 19882 1 referendum - - - 5.0 10892 1 referendum - - - 5.0 19963 1 referendum - - - 5.0 19994 1 referendum - - - 5.0 1. Review of Elections 1961-62: 75-76. See also Blaustein and Flanz 1972: "Algeria;" Elections in Africa 1999: 48-55. 2. Review of Elections 1963-64: 77-78; Elections in Africa 1999: 59. 3. Keesing's Africa 1972: 25052; Europa 1975 Vol. II: 22-24; Banks 1977: 8-10. Coup d'état on June 19, 1965, and the government of the Revolutionary Council led by Boumedienne, 1965- 75. 4. Keesing's 1976: 28160: Die Wahl der Parlamente: Afrika 1978: 441. Cf. Elections in Africa 1999: 59. 5. Keesing's 1979: 29778. Cf. Elections in Africa 1999: 59. 6. Africa Research Bulletin, Jan. 1-31, 1984; Jan. 15, 1989; Elections in Africa 1999: 59-60. 7. See Keesing's 1992: 38702; Brumberg 1992; Banks 1997: 13-19. President Chadli resigned on 11 January 1992, and a military High Committee of State assumed power. It appointed Maj. Gen. (Ret.) Liamine Zeroual as president on 27 January 1994. The High Committee of State was dissolved the same day. 8. Europa 1996: 345; Elections in Africa 1999: 60. Cf. Keesing's 1995: 40847. 9. IFES 1998 Vol. 7, 3: 58; IPU 1997; Elections in Africa 1999: 57. See also World Parliaments 1998: 9-12. National People's Assembly election, 5 June 1997. 10. IFES 1999 Vol. 8, 2: 26; Keesing's 1999: 42915. Presidential election, 15 April 1999. 11. IPU 2002; Keesing's 2002: 44813. National Assembly election, 30 May 2002. Distribution of seats. Referendums: 1. Butler and Ranney 1994, Appendix A; Elections in Africa 1999: 54-55. Algeria 3 2. Elections in Africa 1999: 54-55. 3. Keesing's 1996: 41345, 41392; Elections in Africa 1999: 55. 4. Keesing's 1999: 43125, 43177.