1 ZOOLOGY RESOURCE BOOK PART 3 2 PHILOSOPHY This Zoology course is based on the idea that all animals are important. Our world and existence must be in constant balance with the diversity of animals in which we share the Earth. Each animal has a role in a complex web of life that makes its’ survival crucial. All organisms deserve our respect, for if this balance is upset our lives will ultimately be affected. This course is designed for students wanting to peruse an academic path, especially in the sciences. Material in this class is unique to other sciences, and thus presents an opportunity for the hard working student to achieve success. As an elective course, Zoology is designed to guide its students to become better learners, more responsible students, and hopefully more conscience observers of the natural world. It not our intent to make the course too hard to be successful in; however, we feel that in challenging our students we provide them with a better way to learn, therefore helping them to becoming better and more productive students. 3 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA General Characteristics • _________________ or more species of molluscs. • They share 3 major sets of characteristics: – Body enclosed by a blanket-like __________that secretes a shell made of _________________ or some other stiffening structure. – A mantle _________ between the mantle and the internal organs; the anus, _________________, and excretory ducts open into the mantle cavity. – A _________________, muscular foot that is highly modified among the various groups of molluscs. • • Invertebrates (lack a backbone) • Unsegmented • • Bilateral symmetry • Have a ____________________ ______________________ • Simple to complex ___________________ ______________________ Habitats & Niches • Habitats include: – _________________ (mostly) _________________ (a few) – _________________ (a few) • Niches (life-style): – Most live on the ocean bottom and are mostly _________________ – Some are _________________ (the cephalopods) Classes of Arthropods: – __________________________ (mono=_______; placo=_______; phora=_______) • Ex. _________________ – __________________________ (a=_______) • Ex. _________________ – __________________________ (poly=_______) • Ex. _________________ – __________________________ (gastro=_______; poda=_______) • Ex. _________________, _________________, _________________ – __________________________ (bi=_______; valvia=_______) • Ex. _________________ – __________________________ (cephalo=______________; poda=_______) • Ex. _________________, _________________, etc. 4 Class Monoplacophora • _________________ is the only genus in this entire class. • These creatures were discovered in the __________ while dredging the deep ocean. • Specifically, they can be found around ___________ & Central America. • Prior to 1950s only _________________ _________________ were found. • Their specific characteristics include: – – – • They have _______ pairs of gills & eights pairs of foot retractors. • This segmentation suggests an ancestral relationship with _________________. Class Aplacophora • Specific characteristics: – – No _________________, but has a body wall made up of calcium spicules (think of the sponges). • It is this that puts them in the phylum mollusca – They are generally found on the _________________ _________________. Class Polyplacophora • _________________ are the only genus in the class Polyplacophora. • Their specific characteristics: – Posses a _________________ that consists of 8 overlapping plates. – – – – They have a tongue-like tooth-covered rasping organ (_________________) to scrape algae and other food. Class Gastropoda • Most _________________ class of molluscs. • Consists of snails and snail-like creatures. • Specific Characteristics: – They have a _________________ located shell (often coiled). – They have a well-developed _________________. 5 – Visceral mass (organs) is located inside the shell. Their viseral mass is rotated _______ during development. – They are _________________ or _________________ (carnivorous). – Habitats include: _________________, lake, _______________ _________________, coastal shores, and land. Class Bivalvia • Specific Characteristics: – – They have _______ __________ held together by powerful muscles. – They have a _________________ located foot that sticks out between the two valves. – Habitats include: _________________ and _________________. – They tend to burrow into ___________ _____ ___ or sand or attach to rocks or other shells. • Large gills are used for respiration and filter feeding. • Food is trapped by ___________ on the gills and moved by cilia. Water enters and exits through siphons. Class Cephalopoda • Contains the _________________ molluscs. • Specific Characteristics: – May lack a _____________ (like an octopus) – Shell may be reduced to a _________________ ________ (like the squid or nautilus) – The foot is highly modified to form a group of _________________ around the mouth. – They are found in deep and shallow waters along many coasts. – Squids & Nautilus are ____________________ and move very quickly. Octopuses are found among rocks or crawling on the bottom of the ocean. – Complex ____________, two _________________ eyes, excellent eyesight. 6 Squid Self–Test Images: Squid Self-Test : 1. 7. 13. 2. 8. 14. 3. 9. 15. 4. 10. 16. 5. 11. 6. 12. 7 Complete the following chart using your notes and color plate book. Be specific with both! Structure Location Function 1. TENTACLES 2. ARMS 3. SUCKERS 4. SIPHON 5. BUCCAL CAVITY 6. JAWS 7. INK SAC 8. CEREBRAL GANGLIA 9. STOMACH 10. RADULA 11. AFFERENT BRANCHIAL VESSELS 12. EFFERENT BRANCHIAL VESSELS 13. PANCREAS 14. OPTIC NERVES 15. MOUTH 8 Mollusk Review Sheet 1. Most mollusks are _______________________ but some are freshwater and terrestrial. 2. Mollusks have a _____________ part body plan. List the parts: _______________, __________________, ______________________. 3. The _____________ ____________ contains the internal organs, including the digestive tract, paired kidneys and reproductive organs. 4. The mantle may secrete a ________________ or contribute to gills or lungs. 5. The _________________ _______________ is an organ adapted for locomotion, attachment, food capture, or a combination of functions. 6. The organ that bears many rows of teeth and is used for grazing on food known as the _________________. 7. Mollusks have a reduced ______________ ___________ that is limited to the region around the heart. 8. Most mollusks have an ________________ circulatory system except for the class cephalopoda that have a _________________ circulatory system. 9. Chitons are in the class ___________________________. 10. Chitons have a shell that consists of __________________ overlapping plates. 11. The class __________________ includes snails, terrestrial slugs, whelks, and sea slugs. 12. Many gastropods are herbivores and use their _____________to scrape food from surfaces. Other gastropods are ________________and use their radula to bore through surfaces such as shells to obtain food. 13. Most gastropods have a ________________ shell. Some such as slugs____________ a shell. 14. The class _____________________ contains clams, oysters, mussels and scallops. 9 15. The shell of terrestrial snails offers protection and prevents desiccation. What does desiccation mean? ________________________________________________ 16. What is secreted from the muscular food of snails to help in movement? _____________________ 17. Terrestrial gastropods are ______________________ (contain both male and female sex organs). 18. Bivalves have a ____________ part shell, no head, no radula and little cephalization. 19. Bivalves are __________________ feeders; water comes in the ______________ siphon, passes over the gills where food is trapped. The water and wastes then exit through the excurrent ______________. Gills are also used for _______________. 20. Bivalves have ___________________ sexes. 21. The class Cephalopoda includes _______________, _______________, ________________, and _________________. 22. Cephalopoda means ______________ _______________. 23. Squids and octopuses propel themselves through the water by ___________ _________________. 24. The muscular foot of cephalopods includes the ______________ and ___________. 25. Cephalopods have well-developed sense organs, eyes and ___________ which show a capacity for learning. 26. Squids and octopuses have ____________ ____________, which squirt a cloud of ink, to help them escape from predators. 27. Nautilus are enclosed in shells, squids have a reduced internal shell and octopuses ______________ a shell. 28. Cephalopods have _________________ sexes. 10 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA Overview • There are _____________________ known species of arthropods. – If you include all those species that have not yet been discovered the number is more likely in the ________________. – This is more ________________ in this one ______________ than you would get by grouping all members of all other phyla together. • There are _______________ insects for each person on this Earth. • There are so many ________________ & tiny crustaceans that together they outweigh all the ___________________ on Earth. Habitat • Given that there are ______________ different species, they are found in ____________ __________ habitats on Earth. – Many crustaceans live in the __________ at depths exceeding _______________. (That’s 2.5 miles deep) – Insect collembolans and jumping spiders have been found on ____________ ______________ at heights exceeding