Form approved OMB No. REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Public reporting for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestion for reducing this burden to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-1833), Washington, DC 20503 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (LEAVE BLANK) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED 12/2015 Final Report: 05/2014 – 12/2015 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Transportation Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Synthesis: 101412 Life Cycle Assessment Learning Module Series 6. AUTHOR(S) Liv Haselbach, Associate Professor, Washington State University Quinn Langfitt, PhD Student, Washington State University 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering NUMBER Washington State University PO Box 642910 Pullman, WA 99164-2910 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY Center for Environmentally Sustainable Transportation in Cold Climates REPORT NUMBER University of Alaska Fairbanks Duckering Building Room 245 P.O. Box 755900 Fairbanks, AK 99775-5900 11. SUPPLENMENTARY NOTES 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE No restrictions 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) The Life Cycle Assessment Learning Module Series is a set of narrated, self-advancing slideshows on various topics related to environmental life cycle assessment (LCA). This research project produced the first 27 of such modules, which are freely available for download on the CESTiCC website http://cem.uaf.edu/cesticc/publications/lca.aspx. Each module is roughly 15- 20 minutes in length and is intended for various uses such as course components, as the main lecture material in a dedicated LCA course, or for independent learning in support of research projects. The series is organized into four overall topical areas, each of which contain a group of overview modules and a group of detailed modules. The A and α groups cover the international standards that define LCA. The B and β groups focus on environmental impact categories. The G and γ groups identify software tools for LCA and provide some tutorials for their use. The T and τ groups introduce topics of interest in the field of transportation LCA. This includes overviews of how LCA is frequently applied in that sector, literature reviews, specific considerations, and software tutorials. Future modules in this category will feature methodological developments and case studies specific to the transportation sector. 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 14- KEYWORDS : Please be sure they are searchable in the Transportation Research Thesaurus 74 http://trt.trb.org/trt.asp? Life cycle analysis, environmental impacts 16. PRICE CODE N/A 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified N/A NSN 7540-01-280-5500 STANDARD FORM 298 (Rev. 2-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 298-1 ii Disclaimer This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the use of the information contained in this document. The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objective of the document. Opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in the report are those of the author(s). They are not necessarily those of the funding agencies. iii METRIC (SI*) CONVERSION FACTORS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol Symbol When You Know Multiply To Find Symbol By LENGTH LENGTH in inches 25.4 mm mm millimeters 0.039 inches in ft feet 0.3048 m m meters 3.28 feet ft yd yards 0.914 m m meters 1.09 yards yd mi Miles (statute) 1.61 km km kilometers 0.621 Miles (statute) mi AREA AREA in2 square inches 645.2 millimeters squared cm2 mm2 millimeters squared 0.0016 square inches in2 m2 2 2 2 2 ft square feet 0.0929 meters squared m meters squared 10.764 square feet ft km 2 2 2 yd square yards 0.836 meters squared m kilometers squared 0.39 square miles mi ha 2 2 2 mi square miles 2.59 kilometers squared km hectares (10,000 m ) 2.471 acres ac ac acres 0.4046 hectares ha MASS MASS (weight) (weight) oz Ounces (avdp) 28.35 grams g g grams 0.0353 Ounces (avdp) oz lb Pounds (avdp) 0.454 kilograms kg kg kilograms 2.205 Pounds (avdp) lb mg T Short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 megagrams mg megagrams (1000 kg) 1.103 short tons T VOLUME VOLUME fl oz fluid ounces (US) 29.57 milliliters mL mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces (US) fl oz gal Gallons (liq) 3.785 liters liters liters liters 0.264 Gallons (liq) gal 3 3 3 3 ft cubic feet 0.0283 meters cubed m m meters cubed 35.315 cubic feet ft 3 3 3 3 yd cubic yards 0.765 meters cubed m m meters cubed 1.308 cubic yards yd 3 Note: Volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE (exact) (exact) oF Fahrenheit 5/9 (oF-32) Celsius oC oC Celsius temperature 9/5 oC+32 Fahrenheit oF temperature temperature temperature ILLUMINATION ILLUMINATION fc Foot-candles 10.76 lux lx lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc 2 2 2 fl foot-lamberts 3.426 candela/m cd/cm cd/cm candela/m 0.2919 foot-lamberts fl 2 FORCE and FORCE and PRESSURE or PRESSURE or STRESS STRESS lbf pound-force 4.45 newtons N N newtons 0.225 pound-force lbf psi pound-force per 6.89 kilopascals kPa kPa kilopascals 0.145 pound-force per psi square inch square inch 32 98.6 212oF -40oF 0 40 80 120 160 200 These factors conform to the requirement of FHWA Order 5190.1A *SI is the symbol for the International System of Measurements -40oC -20 20 40 60 80 o 0 37 100 C iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank the Center for Environmentally Sustainable Transportation in Cold Climates for funding this work. We would also like to thank the students at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in Porto Alegre, Brazil, and in engineering at Washington State University for being the first to use these modules. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2.0 GROUPS A AND α: ISO COMPLIANT LCA ............................................. 5 2.1 Module A1: Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment and International Standard ISO 14040 ........................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Module A2: LCA Requirements and Guidelines: ISO 14044............................................... 8 2.3 Module α1: Goal, Function, and Functional Unit ............................................................... 11 2.4 Module α2: System, System Boundary, and Allocation ..................................................... 13 2.5 Module α3: Life Cycle Stages ............................................................................................. 16 2.6 Module α4: LCIA Optional Elements: Grouping, Weighting, and Normalization ............. 19 2.7 Module α5: Data Types and Sources .................................................................................. 21 2.8 Module α6: Environmental Product Declarations ............................................................... 24 CHAPTER 3.0 GROUPS B AND β: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CATEGORIES ......................................................................................................................... 27 3.1 Module B1: Introduction to Impact Categories................................................................... 27 3.2 Module B2: Common Air Emissions Impact Categories .................................................... 29 3.3 Module B3: Other Common Emissions Impact Categories ................................................ 33 3.4 Module β1: Global Warming Potential ............................................................................... 35 3.5 Module β2: Acidification Potential ..................................................................................... 37 3.6 Module β3: Ozone Depletion Potential ............................................................................... 38 3.7 Module β4: Smog Creation Potential .................................................................................. 41 3.8 Module β5: Eutrophication Potential .................................................................................. 42 3.9 Module β6: Human Toxicity and Ecotoxicity Potentials ...................................................