FOLIA QUATERNARIA 87, KRAKÓW 2019, 59–73 DOI: 10.4467/21995923FQ.19.003.11496 PL ISSN 0015-573X ARROWhEADS OF ThE ŠTRAmBERK TYPE FROm SPYTKOWICE 26 (DISTRICT OF WADOWICE) AgAINST ThE BACKgROUND OF ThE ENEOLIThIC ChIPPED INDUSTRIES Robert Kenig Author’s address: graduate student at Institute of Archeology of the Jagiellonian University, gołębia 11, 33-332 Kraków; W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31- 512 Kraków; e-mail: [email protected]; ORCID: 0000-0001-5027-1341 Abstract. This paper presents the Štramberk type arrowheads found during excavations in Spyt- kowice in 1993 and 2019. They represent a local Eneolithic phenomenon known mostly from the moravia region and Silesia on both sides of the Polish-Czech border. however, some examples from outside of this area are discussed as well. The main aim is to present them against the background of other artefacts of this type, and against Eneolithic arrowheads in general. The phenomenon in question seems to be in- tercultural and its origins may be connected with late Lengyel culture groups, although such arrowheads were also found in Funnel Beaker culture contexts and, as suggested by some researchers, may continue even as late as the Early Bronze Age. Keywords: Eneolithic, Chipped industry, Lengyel culture, Funnel Beaker culture, arrowheads INTRODUCTION The aim of the research is to present new finds of Štramberk type arrowheads from the site of Spytkowice 26 and discuss their chronology against the background of other Central European finds. The term ‘arrowheads of the Štramberk type’ (also: Štramberk-Krnov, Kotouč; after Čechák et al. 2017: 120) is used to describe projec- tile points often retouched on both sides (it may be edge, surface or mixed retouch), having tangs with characteristic notches on both (or at least on one) sides. The appear- ance of this type of arrowhead in Europe represents a phenomenon that still eludes easy cultural and chronological interpretation (see discussion below). They are widely known mostly from the area of today’s Polish and Czech Silesia, with the highest concentration of finds in the upper Oder basin. There also are several finds known from Slovakia, from other parts of the Czech Republic, and from Lesser Poland. Publikacja jest udostępniona na licencji Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 PL) 60 R. Kenig The beginnings of this phenomenon are generally linked with the Lengyel culture/ early Funnel Beaker culture (hLS IV/FBC) (Janák 2005, Chmielewski 2014), and it may have continued even until the Early Bronze Age (Kopacz 2012; Kopacz et al. 2016; Kufel-Diakowska, Bronowicki 2017), although many specimens were found without proper archaeological context. Therefore, the new discoveries from Spytko- wice could provide us with important data concerning both distribution and chronology of the Štramberk type arrowheads. ThE SITE The archaeological site of Spytkowice 26 (Wadowice district) is situated in the Upper Vistula River valley, near the place where the Skawa River flows into the Vis- tula. It occupies a small eminence with round exposition and its area can be estimated at 2–3 ha. The first excavations, conducted by S. Dryja, lasted five seasons (1992– 1996). A total area of 600 m2 was examined, mostly in the southern part of the site, and 36 archaeological features were discovered. The obtained artefacts were attributed by S. Dryja to several occupation phases: the mesolithic, the Linear Pottery culture (LPC), the malice culture, and early medieval (Dryja 1997, 1998a, b, c, 2005). The materials were presented in several publications, among them by m. Stryjkowska, who analysed all the artefacts from the 1993 season (Stryjkowska 2010). Aside from this, other publications were only short field reports or concerned only selected groups of artefacts (Dryja 1998d). The most recent publication (Brzeska-Pasek et al. 2018) deals with flint materials from the 1994–1996 seasons found in archaeological features. It also provides the dating of 28 features based on ceramic artefacts (although without a detailed technological analysis). It shows a clear predominance of Lengyel-Polgár materials over the LPC (Brzeska-Pasek et al. 2018, Tab. 1). The authors note a close similarity to some cultural units of the Lengyel-Polgár circle, such as the modlnica group, although not excluding a possible connection of at least some of the artefacts with the malice culture, the Wyciąże-Złotniki group, or even with the Ocice group. In 2019, other archaeological excavations were held in Spytkowice, this time under the management of m. moskal-del hoyo. An area in the centre of the site was chosen for examination, and two trenches, totalling 800 square meters in area, were opened. The excavations revealed archaeological features, most of which can preliminary be connected with modlnica group settlement. Some interpretational problems emerged due to a stratigraphic situation specific to Spytkowice. Below a 30–40 cm thick layer of humus, a layer of brunification was recorded over almost the entire excavated area (information obtained from R. Czerniak; it is a layer that was created by the bruni- fication process under the humus accumulation level – see Pelisiak, gębica 2007: 99). It ranged from a dozen to several dozen centimetres in thickness and was rich in prehistoric artefacts, probably coming from damaged upper parts of anthropogenic features. On the surface of this layer there were medieval features, whilst earlier ones (Younger Bronze Age/Early Iron Age, Neolithic) were discernible only after its Arrowheads of the Štramberk type from Spytkowice 26 … 61 removal, which allows us to consider the brunification layer as indicating the terminus ante quem for these features. The preliminary overview of the artefacts obtained in 2019 shows that it was right to connect in the literature the most intensive occupation of site Spytkowice 26 with the modlnica group of the Lengyel-Polgar Cycle (Brzeska-Pasek et al. 2018: 147). Apart from that, there were several Linear Pottery Culture artefacts found, and a few fragments of malice culture pottery. moreover, it is necessary to mention the presence of features containing materials attributable to the late phase of the Lusatian culture (m. Korczyńska and P. Kowalczyk-matys, personal information), and two early medieval features. Materials AND mEThODS Štramberk type arrowheads from Spytkowice 26 Three Štramberk type arrowheads have been found in the site. One was discov- ered by S. Dryja during 1993 excavations in the layer with artefacts (Fig. 1.1) and was interpreted to be of mesolithic origin (Stryjkowska 2010: 37). Two arrowheads occurred in the above-mentioned layer of brunification, among several hundred flint, stone, and ceramic artefacts (Figs 1.2 and 1.3). It is also noteworthy that another ar- rowhead, a triangular one (Fig. 1.4), was found in feature 44, which could be connected with the modlnica group according to the pottery material found in it. This feature produced the largest number of artefacts of all (around one-quarter of all the artefacts found during season 2019). Below are descriptions of the Štramberk type arrowheads that were found during the excavations in Spytkowice. 101/93 (Fig. 1.1) Bifacial arrowhead, with surface retouch on the ventral side and edge, low angle retouch on the dorsal side. The point is triangular and asymmetrical with a broken tip. It has a negative with a slightly visible step-terminating bending fracture that may indicate it was damaged by impact (Kufel-Diakowska, Bronowicki 2017: 35). It has an isolated tang, underlined by a slightly marked notch. It is probable that the lack of one of the notches results from the fact that this specimen is broken and could have been repaired later. The tang was formed by a bifacial, edge retouch. On the dorsal side a part of the negative is visible, which suggests that it was made on a blade or a blade-like flake. The raw material is Jurassic flint. The length is approximately 2.75 cm, and the width 1.7 cm. 129/19 (Fig. 1.2) Bifacial arrowhead, with surface retouch on the dorsal side and edge, low angle retouch on the half of the central side. The point is triangular and symmetrical. It has 62 Table 1. The table presents a compilation of data about the Štramberk type arrowheads included in this paper. Note that the measurements marked with an asterisk are based on the drawings and photographs, and therefore may have some slight deviations thick- archaeological chronology nr on Nr Site District Country lenght width chronology of the site the ness context of the feature map 1 Spytkowice 26 Wadowice Poland >2.75 1.65 0.4 stray find - modlnica group 1 2 Spytkowice 26 Wadowice Poland >2.4 1.2 0.3 stray find - modlnica group 1 3 Spytkowice 26 Wadowice Poland >3.0 1.45 0.35 stray find - modlnica group 1 4 Paszkówka 1 Wadowice Poland 3* 1.5* stray find - - 1 5 Kotouč/Štramberk Nový Jičín Czech Rep. 3.2* 1.2* stray find - multicultural site 2 6 Kotouč/Štramberk Nový Jičín Czech Rep. 4* 1.7* stray find - multicultural site 2 7 Kotouč/Štramberk Nový Jičín Czech Rep. 3.4* 1.3* stray find - multicultural site 2 8 Kotouč/Štramberk Nový Jičín Czech Rep. 2.3* 1.2* stray find - multicultural site 2 9 Kotouč/Štramberk Nový Jičín Czech Rep. 2.9* 1.4* stray find - multicultural site 2 10 Kotouč/Štramberk Nový Jičín Czech Rep. 4.2* 1.7* stray find - multicultural site 2 11 Kotouč/Štramberk Nový Jičín Czech Rep. 3.6* 1.2* stray find - multicultural site 2 R. Kenig 12 Kotouč/Štramberk Nový Jičín Czech Rep. broken stray find - multicultural site 2 13 Kotouč/Štramberk Nový Jičín Czech Rep. broken stray find - multicultural site 2 14 Kotouč/Štramberk Nový Jičín Czech Rep.