AGRICULTURAL GROWTH PROGRAM (AGP-II) Public Disclosure Authorized SOCIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT FINAL Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized February 4, 2015 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Public Disclosure Authorized Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................... i ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................................................. iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 1 Background and Context ............................................................................................................................. 16 1.1. Background ........................................................................................................................................................... 16 1.2. Scope of the Social Assessment .......................................................................................................................... 18 1.3. Objectives .................................................................................................................................................................... 19 2. Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 20 2.1 Selection of communities to be studied .................................................................................................... 20 2.2 Selection of Target Groups ............................................................................................................................. 22 2.3 Informed Community Consultations ............................................................................................................... 23 2.4. Topics covered by the Fieldwork....................................................................................................................... 23 2.5. Data Collection........................................................................................................................................................... 23 3. Description of the Project ....................................................................................................................... 24 4. Legal and Institutional Framework for Underserved and Vulnerable Groups ........................................ 27 5. Assessment of Institutional and Key Social Issues .................................................................................. 28 5.1. Characteristics of Vulnerability and Underserved Target Communities .......................................... 28 5.1.1. Women ...................................................................................................................................... 29 5.1.2. Female-Headed Households ..................................................................................................... 31 5.1.3. Polygamy ................................................................................................................................... 32 5.1.4. Unemployed and underemployed rural youths ....................................................................... 33 5.1.5. Occupational Minorities ............................................................................................................ 34 5.1.6. Ethnic Minorities ....................................................................................................................... 36 5.1.7. Shifting Cultivators/Horticulturalists ........................................................................................ 37 5.2. Socioeconomic-Cultural Profile of People in Underserved communities ......................................... 38 5.3. Community Consultation and Involvement .................................................................................................. 56 5.4. Involvement of Women in the Project ............................................................................................................. 61 5.5. Land Tenure system ................................................................................................................................................ 63 5.6. Asset Loss and Loss of Access to Assets (OP 4.12 – Involuntary Resettlement ............................. 65 i 5.7. Potential Impact on Physical Cultural Resources (PCR) OP 4.11 .............................................................. 67 5.8. AGP and Commune Program: potential interface ....................................................................................... 67 5.9.1. Traditional Mutual Support/Self-Help Institutions ................................................................... 69 5.9.2. Customary Dispute Settlement Institutions/Mechanisms ........................................................ 70 5.10. Social Cohesion ....................................................................................................................................................... 71 5.11. Grievance Handling Mechanisms .................................................................................................................... 72 6. Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) .......................................................................................................... 74 7. Institutional Structure and Capacity Issues............................................................................................. 76 8. Risks and Mitigation Measures ............................................................................................................... 79 Annex I: Community Consultation Attendance .......................................................................................... 96 Annex II: Community Consultation Photos ............................................................................................... 130 ii ACRONYMS ADPLAC Agricultural Development Partner’s Linkage Advisory Councils AGP Agricultural Growth Program CAADP Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program CIG Common Interest Groups CLPP Community Level Participatory Planning DA Development Agents DRS Developing Regional States EFY Ethiopian Fiscal Year ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework FGD Focus Group Discussions FREG Farmers' Research and Extension Group FTC Farmers Training Center FY Fiscal Year GDP Gross Domestic Product GoE Government of Ethiopia GTP Growth and Transformation Plan HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICWM Integrated Crop and Water Management IG Innovative Groups KDC Kebele Development Committees KII Key Informant Interviews MoA Ministry of Agriculture MDGs Millennium Development Goals MoFA Ministry of Federal Affairs MoFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MoARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MTR Mid-Term Review NGO Non-Governmental Organization PAD Project Appraisal Document PASDEP Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty PDO Program Development Objective PIC Physical and Cultural Resources PIF Policy and Investment Framework PIM Program Implementation Manual PME Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation RDPS Development Policy and Strategy RPF Resettlement Policy Framework iii SA Social Assessment SC Screening Committee SNNPR Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region TC Technical Committee ToR Terms of Reference UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund URRAP Universal Rural Roads Access Program WB World Bank iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In October 2010, a five-year Agricultural Growth Program (AGP-I) was signed between the Government of Ethiopia (GoE), and the World Bank (IDA) including other development partners. The program, financed on the basis of this agreement, has been under implementation in 96 high potential agriculture woredas of four regions: Oromia, Amhara, SNNPR and Tigray. With AGP-I due to be completed in September 2015, the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is currently developing the second phase of the program, AGP-II which will be implemented in the existing four regions (Oromia, Amhara, Tigray and Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR), plus in Benishangul-Gumuz, Gambella, Harari and Dire Dawa Administrative Council as newly included areas. It should be noted that in the new areas, there will only be a total of six woredas (two in Gambella, two in Benishangul-Gumuz and one in each of Harari and Dire Dawa. The proposed second phase of the program will follow-on from AGP-I in three respects: (i) scale-up the program in 61 additional geographic areas, and thereby expand the implementation from the existing 96 woredas to a total of 157; (ii) consolidate the activities being undertaken in the existing AGP-I woredas; and (iii) refine the intervention approach for increased impacts. The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to increase agricultural productivity1 and commercialization2 of small holder farmers targeted by the project. The primary target of the project is small holder farmers, who live in areas of Ethiopia with the highest potential for agricultural growth. Small holder farmers are defined as farmers living in a village, registered as a resident in Kebele administration, conducting agricultural production activities (crop production, livestock husbandry and agro-forestry) and owning land