Federally Supported Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment Programs Updated May 3, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL30478 Federally Supported Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment Programs Summary For more than four decades, Congress has authorized and refined several programs to help communities address water supply and wastewater problems. The agencies that administer these programs differ in multiple ways. In terms of funding mechanisms, projects developed by the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) typically require direct, individual project authorizations from Congress. In contrast, standing program authorizations provide project funding for other agencies, including the Department of Agriculture (USDA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Department of Commerce, and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The key practical difference is that with the individual project authorizations, there is no predictable assistance or even guarantee of funding after a project is authorized, because funding must be secured each year in the congressional appropriations process. The programs, on the other hand, have set program criteria, are generally funded from year to year, and provide a process under which project sponsors compete for funding. In terms of scope and mission, the primary responsibilities of USACE are to maintain inland navigation, provide for flood and storm damage reduction, and restore aquatic ecosystems, while EPA’s mission relates to protecting public health and the environment. The Department of Commerce and HUD focus on community and economic development. Likewise, the specific programs—while all address water supply and wastewater treatment to some degree—differ in important respects. Some are national in scope (those of USDA, EPA, and the Department of Commerce, for example), while others are regionally focused (Reclamation’s programs and projects). Some focus primarily on urban areas (HUD) and some on rural areas (USDA), and others do not distinguish based on community size (e.g., EPA, USACE). Federal funding for the programs and projects discussed in this report varies greatly. Collectively, congressional funding for these programs in recent years has been somewhat eroded by overall competition among the many programs that are supported by discretionary spending, despite the continuing pressure from stakeholders and others for increased funding. FY2019 appropriations highlights include the following: $1.164 billion for capitalization grants to states under EPA’s State Revolving Fund (SRF) loan program for drinking water systems and $1.694 billion for EPA’s SRF program for wastewater projects; $60 million in subsidy costs for the EPA-administered Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (WIFIA) program, allowing the agency to provide approximately $5.5 billion in credit assistance for drinking water and wastewater infrastructure projects; $400 million for USDA’s rural water and waste disposal grant program and direct loan authority of approximately $1.4 billion; $3.4 billion for HUD Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) funds (water and wastewater projects are among many eligible uses); and $58.6 million for Reclamation’s Title XVI reclamation/recycling projects. Congressional Research Service Federally Supported Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment Programs Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Department of the Interior ............................................................................................................... 6 Bureau of Reclamation .............................................................................................................. 6 “Traditional” Multipurpose Reclamation Projects .............................................................. 7 Rural Water Supply Projects ............................................................................................... 8 Title XVI Projects ............................................................................................................... 9 Department of Defense .................................................................................................................. 12 Army Corps of Engineers (Civil Works Program) .................................................................. 12 Municipal and Industrial (M&I) Water Supply ................................................................. 12 Environmental Infrastructure Assistance .......................................................................... 14 Department of Agriculture ............................................................................................................. 15 Rural Utilities Service (Water and Waste Disposal Programs) ............................................... 15 Natural Resources Conservation Service ................................................................................ 18 Watershed and Flood Prevention Operations .................................................................... 19 Small Watershed Loans ..................................................................................................... 21 Small Watershed Rehabilitation ........................................................................................ 21 Environmental Protection Agency ................................................................................................. 22 Clean Water State Revolving Fund Loan Program ................................................................. 22 Drinking Water State Revolving Fund Loan Program ............................................................ 25 Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act Program ..................................................... 28 Department of Housing and Urban Development ......................................................................... 30 Community Development Block Grants ................................................................................. 30 CDBG Section 108 Loan Guarantees ...................................................................................... 33 Department of Commerce ............................................................................................................. 35 Community Development Block Grants ................................................................................. 35 CDBG Section 108 Loan Guarantees ...................................................................................... 38 Department of Commerce ............................................................................................................. 40 Economic Development Administration (Public Works and Economic Development Facilities Program) ............................................................................................................... 40 Economic Adjustment Assistance (EAA) ............................................................................... 41 Tables Table 1. Federal Water Supply Program/Project Funding ............................................................... 2 Contacts Author Information ........................................................................................................................ 43 Congressional Research Service Federally Supported Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment Programs Introduction This report provides background information on the types of water supply and wastewater treatment projects traditionally funded by the federal government and the several existing programs to assist communities with water supply and wastewater treatment. For more than four decades, Congress has authorized and refined several programs to help communities address water supply and wastewater problems. The agencies that administer these programs differ in multiple ways. For example, in terms of funding mechanisms, projects developed by the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) typically require direct, individual project authorizations from Congress. In contrast, standing program authorizations provide project funding for other agencies, including the Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Department of Commerce, and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The key practical difference is that with the individual project authorizations there is no predictable assistance, or even guarantee of funding after a project is authorized, because funding must be secured each year in the congressional appropriations process. The programs, on the other hand, have set program criteria, are generally funded from year to year, and provide a process under which project sponsors compete for funding. In terms of scope and mission, the primary responsibilities of USACE are to maintain inland navigation, provide for flood and storm damage reduction, and restore aquatic ecosystems, while EPA’s mission relates to protecting public health and the environment. Further, the Department of Commerce and HUD focus on community and economic development. Likewise, the specific programs discussed in this report—while all address water supply and wastewater treatment to some degree—differ in important respects. Some are national in scope (those of USDA, EPA, and the Department of Commerce, for example), while others are regionally