A Holistic View of the GRB-SN Connection Alicia M Soderberg Harvard University (Credit: M. Bietenholz) Monday, April 19, 2010 12 Years since GRB 980425 d=38 Mpc Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 12 Years since GRB 980425 d=38 Mpc Happy Birthday Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 GRB-SN Connection L ~ 1053 erg/s L ~ 1042 erg/s Emission Process =? Ni-56 decay Δt ~ seconds Δt ~ 1 month Hard X-ray Optical (Credit: P. Challis) Monday, April 19, 2010 Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 SN 1998bw at z=0.009 Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 SN 1998bw at z=0.009 SN 2003dh at z=0.169 Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 SN 1998bw at z=0.009 SN 2003lw at z=0.10 SN 2003dh at z=0.169 Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 SN 1998bw at z=0.009 SN 2003lw at z=0.10 SN 2003dh at z=0.169 SN 2006aj at z=0.03 Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 SN 1998bw at z=0.009 SN 2003lw at z=0.10 SN 2003dh at z=0.169 Most GRBs accompanied by Broad-lined SNe Ic SN 2006aj at z=0.03 Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 A GRB-SN Connection Young SN Ibc Homologous v < 50,000 km/s M ~ M☉ E ~ 1051 erg Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 A GRB-SN Connection Young SN Ibc Homologous reverse shock v < 50,000 km/s M ~ M☉ E ~ 1051 erg forward shock Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 A GRB-SN Connection Young SN Ibc optical photosphere Homologous reverse shock v < 50,000 km/s radio/X-ray M ~ M☉ emission E ~ 1051 erg forward shock Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 A GRB-SN Connection BH/NS Young SN Ibc optical photosphere Homologous reverse shock v < 50,000 km/s radio/X-ray M ~ M☉ emission E ~ 1051 erg forward shock Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 A GRB-SN Connection BH/NS Young SN Ibc optical photosphere Homologous reverse shock v < 50,000 km/s radio/X-ray M ~ M☉ emission E ~ 1051 erg forward shock gamma-rays GRB Jet Thin Pancake v ~ 0.999c M ~ 10-5 M☉ E ~ 1051 erg Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 A GRB-SN Connection BH/NS optical photosphere reverse shock Young SN Ibc Freely-expanding radio/X-ray emission forward shock RS FS Afterglow GRB Jet Decelerated Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 Energy-velocity coupling Optical Photosphere Ordinary SNe Ibc: Homologous Homologous E ~ v-5 Optical ~ E tot Radio ~ 0.01% x E tot Radio/X-ray v = c v ~ c possible Blastwave (but E is tiny) (Tan, Matzner, McKee 2001) Kinetic Energy Velocity Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 Energy-velocity coupling Optical Photosphere GRB-SNe Homologous Radio/X-ray v = c Blastwave Kinetic Energy (Credit: A. MacFadyen) GRB = decoupled ejecta Velocity E > 0.01% at v ~ c Requires a central engine Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 Energy-velocity coupling Optical Broadband Photosphere Afterglow Decoupled GRB-SNe Homologous Radio/X-ray v = c Blastwave Kinetic Energy (Credit: A. MacFadyen) GRB = decoupled ejecta Velocity E > 0.01% at v ~ c Requires a central engine Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 8-yr Radio Hunt for Engine-driven SNe Ibc Target optically discovered SNe Ibc IAUC• 8542: why? 2005ck; 2005ci; nearly Var STAR IN Nor all GRBs have a SNhttp://scully.cfa.harvard.edu/~cgi/PrinterVersion • IAUCsatellites 8542: miss 2005ck; weak 2005ci; GRBs, Var off-axis STAR IN GRBs Nor SN The following International Astronomical Union Circular may be linked-to from your own Web pages, but must not otherwise be redistributed (see these notes on the conditions under which • circularsSN arediscoveries made available on our WWW rapidly, site). publicly announced Read IAUC 8541 Read IAUC 8543 View IAUC 8542 in .dvi, .ps or .PDF format. CircularsDisplay: IAUC, IAUC number CBET, ATEL,Clear GCN Circular No. 8542 Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL UNION Mailstop 18, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A. [email protected] or FAX 617-495-7231 (subscriptions) [email protected] (science) URL http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/cbat.html ISSN 0081-0304 KAIT Phone 617-495-7440/7244/7444 (for emergency use only) SUPERNOVA 2005ck Independent discoveries of a supernova in the Abell galaxy cluster 1656 have been reported on unfiltered CCD images by H. Pugh and W. Li (LOSS/KAIT; cf. IAUC 8541) and by R. Quimby, F. Castro, P. Hoeflich, J. C. Wheeler (all at the University of Texas), and C. Gerardy (of Imperial College); Quimby's group used the ROTSE-IIIb telescope (cf. IAUC 8508). Pugh and Li provide the following precise position for SN 2005ck: R.A. = 13h02m18s.72, Decl. = +28o20'45".5 (equinox 2000.0), which is 58".3 east and 24".3 south of the center of an apparent host galaxy. Quimby et al. report position end figures 18s.77, 43".8 for the new object. Approximate magnitudes for SN 2005ck: 2004 Dec. 15, [18.8 (ROTSE-IIIb); 2005 Jan. 14, [18.8 (ROTSE-IIIb); Apr. 17.26 UT, [19.5 (KAIT); May 23.25, [18.5 (KAIT); June 1.26, 19.0: (KAIT; hint of object near limit of image); 5.27, 18.7 (ROTSE-IIIb); 8.25, 18.6 (ROTSE-IIIb); 12.24, 18.6 (KAIT); 13.24, 18.5 (KAIT). Quimby adds that a spectrum (range 420-890 nm) of SN 2005ck, obtained on June 13.22 with the 9.2-m Hobby-Eberly Telescope (+ Marcario Low-Resolution Spectrograph) by S. C. Odewhan and E. Terrazas, shows it to be a type-Ia supernova; the spectrum is very similar to that of SN 1994D near maximum light (Patat et al. 1996, MNRAS 278, 111). Using 1994D as a template, they find an approximate redshift of z = 0.08, ruling out any association to the neighboring Coma-cluster galaxies, Amateur Astronomers Robotic Searches leaving the host as yet unidentified. SUPERNOVA 2005ci IN NGC 5682 Monday, April 19, 2010 M. Modjaz, R. Kirshner, and P. Challis, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, report that a spectrogram (range 340-740 nm) of SN 2005ci (cf. IAUC 8541), obtained by M. Calkins on June 1 of 2 1/3/10 9:59 PM VLA Intensive Survey of “Naked” SNe (2002-present) Prompt radio follow-up Very Large Array t ~ few days Local SNe Ibc z < 0.04 7 year survey ~200 SNe Ibc Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 VLA Intensive Survey of “Naked” SNe (2002-present) Prompt radio follow-up Very Large Array t ~ few days Local SNe Ibc z < 0.04 7 year survey ~200 SNe Ibc 8.5 GHz Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 Radio Luminosity Light-curves SNe Ibc x 104 = GRB afterglows Nearby GRBs (AMS 2007) Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 Radio Luminosity Light-curves SNe Ibc x 104 = GRB afterglows Nearby GRBs (AMS 2007) < 1% of SNe Ibc harbor GRBs Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 Radio Modeling of SNe Ibc • measure peak flux, peak frequency -1 Synchrotron Self-Absorbed ν -2 -2 TB ∝ Lν ν R - • assume near equipartition (e & B) ν5/2 9/19 -1 R ∝ Lν ν 23/19 -1 E ∝ Lν ν (AMS et al. Nature, 2008) Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 VLA Intensive Survey of “Naked” SNe Ordinary Type Ibc SNe v ≈0.15c E ≈ 1047 erg Engine-driven Supernovae Γβ > 1 48 EK > 10 erg Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 The Ordinary SN 2007gr NGC 1058 d=10 Mpc Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 The Ordinary SN 2007gr Freely expanding 26 Lν ~ 10 erg/s/Hz v ~ 0.2c E ~ 2 x 1046 erg (AMS et al., 2010) Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 The Ordinary SN 2007gr (Paragi et al., 2010) Low S/N VLBI data at t=84 days Fν = 60 μJy (expect 150 +- 40 μJy) decoupled jet, v > 0.6c ? Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 The Ordinary SN 2007gr (Paragi et al., 2010) (AMS et al., 2010) Low S/N VLBI data at t=84 days εe/εB < 10-9 Fν = 60 μJy (expect 150 +- 40 μJy) VLBI likely suffers from systematic effects decoupled jet, v > 0.6c ? Free-expansion more natural explanation Alicia M. Soderberg Apr 20, 2010 Kyoto Talk Monday, April 19, 2010 The Ordinary SN 2007gr (Paragi et al., 2010) (AMS et al., 2010) Low S/N VLBI data at t=84 days εe/εB < 10-9 Fν = 60 μJy (expect 150 +- 40 μJy) VLBI likely suffers from systematic effects decoupled jet, v > 0.6c ? Free-expansion more natural explanation Alicia M.