4/3/2018 I. Introduction Introduction to Biological A. Taxonomy Classification & Naming 1. What is it? I. Introduction I. Introduction A. Taxonomy A. Taxonomy 1. What is it? 1. What is it? • Science of naming and classifying groups of organisms • Science of naming and classifying groups of organisms • Purposed to provide one stable and unique name and classification for every species. I. Introduction A. Taxonomy Various common names for Conium maculatum: 2. Taxonomic Ranks • Poison hemlock • Hemlock • Devil’s bread • Beaver poison • Herb bennet • Musquash root • Poison parsley • Spotted corobane • Spotted hemlock 1 4/3/2018 The classification of Mango The classification of Mango 1. Domain: Eukaryota (4+ kingdoms) 1. Domain: Eukaryota (4+ kingdoms) 2. Kingdom: Plantae (8-10 phyla) 2. Kingdom: Plantae (8-10 phyla) 3. Phylum: Magnoliophyta (2 classes) 3. Phylum: Magnoliophyta (2 classes) 4. Class: Magnoliopsida (30+ orders) 4. Class: Magnoliopsida (30+ orders) 5. Order: Sapindales (9 families) 5. Order: Sapindales (9 families) 6. Family: Anacardiaceae (82 genera, 700 spp.) 6. Family: Anacardiaceae (82 genera, 700 spp.) 7. Genus: Mangifera (69 spp.) 7. Genus: Mangifera (69 spp.) 8. Species: Mangifera indica 8. Species: Mangifera indica Lower taxa grouped within higher taxa based on similarities. I. Introduction I. Introduction B. Taxonomists C. Products 1. What 1. Species 2. Where • 1.8 million and counting I. Introduction I. Introduction C. Products C. Products 1. Species 1. Species • 1.8 million and counting • 1.8 million and counting • Plant species in PA: • Plant species in PA: • Mammal spp. in PA: • Mammal spp. in PA: • Herp spp. in PA: • Herp spp. in PA: • Bird spp. in PA: • Bird spp. in PA: • Species as units in conservation. 2 4/3/2018 I. Introduction I. Introduction C. Products C. Products 1. Species 1. Species • 1.8 million and counting • 1.8 million and counting • Plant species in PA: • Plant species in PA: • Mammal spp. in PA: • Mammal spp. in PA: • Herp spp. in PA: • Herp spp. in PA: • Bird spp. in PA: • Bird spp. in PA: • Species as units in conservation. • Species as units in conservation. • Species as objects of study • Species as objects of study • Names to facilitate communication I. Introduction C. Products 1. Species • 1.8 million and counting • Plant species in PA: • Mammal spp. in PA: • Herp spp. in PA: • Bird spp. in PA: • Species as units in conservation. • Species as objects of study • Names to facilitate communication • Unit commodities of biological trade, agriculture, commerce, law, & medicine I. Introduction C. Products 2. Higher Taxa & Classifications 3 4/3/2018 I. Introduction The classification of Mango C. Products 2. Higher Taxa & Classifications 1. Domain: Eukaryota (4+ kingdoms) 2. Kingdom: Plantae (8-10 phyla) Have explanatory or predictive power 3. Phylum: Magnoliophyta (2 classes) e.g. Why does the cashier run away when 4. Class: Magnoliopsida (30+ orders) mangoes roll down the check‐out belt? 5. Order: Sapindales (9 families) 6. Family: Anacardiaceae (82 genera, 700 spp.) 7. Genus: Mangifera (69 spp.) 8. Species: Mangifera indica I. Introduction C. Products 2. Higher Taxa & Classifications Have explanatory or predictive power e.g. Why does the cashier run away when mangoes roll down the check‐out belt? e.g. Drug Discovery I. Introduction C. Products 3. Floras, Manuals, Field Guides & Keys 4 4/3/2018 The flora of PA includes 3000+ plant species and Dichotomous, indented keys: Couplets & leads p. 9 p. 9 Master key begins on p. 9 Sectional Keys follow p. 9 p. 19 Key to species follows Family keys follow p. 106‐107 p. 107 5 4/3/2018 II. Names II. Names A. Nomenclatural Codes B. Species 1. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 1. Characteristics of 2. International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi a. Name must be unique* and Plants b. Binomial construction Haliaeetus leucocephalus Genus Specific epithet II. Names II. Names B. Species B. Species 1. Characteristics of 1. Characteristics of a. Name must be unique* a. Name must be unique* b. Binomial construction b. Binomial construction Homo sapiens Acacia tortuosa Genus Specific epithet Genus Specific epithet II. Names II. Names B. Species B. Species 1. Characteristics of 1. Characteristics of a. Name must be unique* a. Name must be unique* b. Binomial construction b. Binomial construction c. Treated as Latin Acer rubrum (red maple; neuter), Boa constrictor Aloe vera Quercus rubra (red oak; feminine), Quercus alba (white oak; feminine), Magnolia grandiflora (southern magnolia, fem.) Ursus americanus (American black bear) Haliaeetus leucocephalus (bald eagle) 6 4/3/2018 II. Names II. Names B. Species B. Species 1. Characteristics of 1. Characteristics of 2. Honorary Names 2. Honorary Names a. Honorary genera Dioscorea (Dioscorides) II. Names II. Names B. Species B. Species 1. Characteristics of 1. Characteristics of 2. Honorary Names 2. Honorary Names a. Honorary genera a. Honorary genera Dioscorea (Dioscorides) Dioscorea (Dioscorides) Victoria (Queen Victoria, reigned 1837‐1901) Victoria (Queen Victoria, reigned 1837‐1901) II. Names II. Names B. Species B. Species 1. Characteristics of 1. Characteristics of 2. Honorary Names 2. Honorary Names a. Honorary genera a. Honorary genera Dioscorea (Dioscorides) b. Honorary epithets Victoria (Queen Victoria, reigned 1837‐1901) Abies fraseri (Fraser’s Fir) after John Fraser (1750‐1811) Victoria Moth 7 4/3/2018 II. Names II. Names B. Species C. Subspecific Taxa 1. Characteristics of 1. Subspecies 2. Honorary Names 2. Varieties a. Honorary genera 3. Forms b. Honorary epithets Symphyotrichum lanceolatum var. lanceolatum Zea mays ssp. mays Symphyotrichum lanceolatum var. interior Zea mays ssp. mexicana Slime mold beetles II. Names C. Subspecific Taxa D. Supraspecific Taxa 1. Subspecies 2. Varieties 3. Forms 4. Cultivars 1. Domain: Eukaryota 2. Kingdom: Plantae 3. Phylum: Magnoliophyta Comparison of membrane-bound and soluble polyphenol oxidase in Fuji apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Red Fuji). 4. Class: Magnoliopsida Food Chemistry 173: 86-91. 5. Order: Sapindales 6. Family: Anacardiaceae 7. Genus: Mangifera 8. Species: Mangifera indica III. Authorship III. Authorship ` A. Generalities A. Generalities Rhus typhina L. Rhus typhina L. Author of species; typically abbreviated Genus Specific epithet (L. = Linnaeus), not italicized, and not needed to be included after first use. 8 4/3/2018 III. Authorship III. Authorship B. Two of more authors C. Parenthetical and combining authors Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze 9.