BIBLIOGRAPHY Art Music by Caribbean Composers: Bonaire Christine Gangelhoff The College of The Bahamas1 Cathleen LeGrand Royal Thimphu College, Bhutan INTRODUCTION served as a slave market before the abolition Bonaire is the most easterly of the “ABC” and much of the island's current population is (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao) islands of the descended from slaves (“Bonaire”, 2012). former Netherlands Antilles (“Bonaire Bonaire has musical traditions similar to those island”, 2013). After a period of Spanish rule, of its Antillean neighbors, Aruba and Bonaire has been under Dutch control since Curacao. All three islands “share a neo- 1636 (Bilby, 2013). As of 2010, the island African, drum-centred tradition known as has been a special municipality of the tambu (in Bonaire often referred to as bari), a Kingdom of the Netherlands (“Bonaire”, quintessential Netherlands Antilles folk 2012). Situated only 50 miles north of music” (Bilby, 2013, para. 4). Tumba, a Venezuela and its oil industry, oil unique mixture of tambu music with other, transhipment forms part of the island's more modern musical elements, is a economy (“Bonaire island”, 2013). particularly popular local musical style (Bilby, The island is formed of limestone and has an 2012). arid climate, qualities making it less suitable Music in Bonaire has been strongly influenced for the agricultural plantations that were by its neighbours to the south, Venezuela and common on other Caribbean islands. The Colombia. The influence of European island's salt flats were more easily exploited ballroom dances, such as the schottishe, the and salt production has long been one of mazurka and the quadrille can also be felt. Bonaire's major industries (“Bonaire”, 2012). “Both ‘purer’ and more creolized versions of The island is surrounded by coral reef, making these [dances] have long formed part of the it a popular destination among divers who repertories of dance bands” on Bonaire and help make tourism a growing industry in the other Lesser Antilles (Bilby, 2012, para. Bonaire (“Bonaire island”, 2013). Bonaire 9). 1Christine Gangelhoff, Assistant Professor, School of Communication and Creative Arts, The College of The Bahamas, P.O. Box N-4912, Nassau, Bahamas; Cathleen LeGrand, Librarian, Royal Thimphu College, Ngabiphu, Thimphu, Bhutan. Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank Johannes “Joop” Halman, Hans Odin Faassen and Livio Hermans for their contributions to and assistance with this chapter. E-mail: [email protected] APA reference: Gangelhoff, C., & LeGrand, C. (2013). Art music by Caribbean composers: Bonaire. The International Journal of Bahamian Studies, 19(2), 17-18. Retrieved from http://journals.sfu.ca/cob/index.php/files/article/view/202/249 C. Gangelhoff & C. LeGrand, 2013. Journal compilation The International Journal of Bahamian Studies, 2013 C. Gangelhoff & C. LeGrand. Art Music: Bonaire. 18 West African influences are also visible in the organize and develop classical concerts on musical and cultural traditions of Bonaire. Bonaire” for both residents and tourists Songs and dances surviving from the time of (“Classical Music Board”, 2013). The slavery and intermingled with New World Classical Music Board Bonaire is especially styles can be seen in the music of Simadan, a interested in creating opportunities for the harvest festival (Razak, 2005). performance of local Antillean classical The Classical Music Board Bonaire, music. established in 2009, works to “promote, REFERENCES Classical Music Board of Bonaire. (2013). Bilby, K. (2013). Netherlands Antilles and Retrieved from Aruba. In Grove music online. New York, http://classicalmusicbonaire.com/foundatio NY: Oxford University Press. n/cmbb.html Bonaire. (2012). In Britannica concise Razak, V. M. (2005). Netherlands Antilles. In encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://0- Continuum encyclopedia of popular music www.credoreference.com.helin.uri.edu/ent of the world: Locations. Retrieved from ry/ebconcise/bonaire http://0- Bonaire island. (2013). In The Hutchinson www.credoreference.com.helin.uri.edu/ent encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://0- ry/contpmwl/netherlands_antilles www.credoreference.com.helin.uri.edu/ent ry/heliconhe/bonaire_island COMPOSERS Joan Domenico B. Herrera Maritza Mi a scapa COMPOSITIONS, by composer Noche de fiesta Herrera Tan chita Atardecer en Curazao Te saludo Aruba Bonaire Dominguin LIBRARIES & OTHER ORGANIZATIONS Elina Classical Music Board Bonaire Feddy http://www.classicalmusicbonaire.com/inde Jeanette Amelia x.html The International Journal of Bahamian Studies Vol. 19, no. 2 (2013) .