FAMILY Chaenopsidae Gill 1865 - pikeblennies, tubeblennies, flagblennies [=Emblemariinae, Stathmonotinae, Neoclinidi] Notes: Chaenopsidae Gill 1865b:141 [ref. 1676] (family) Chaenopsis Emblemariinae Jordan 1896:233 [ref. 2395] (subfamily) Emblemaria [genus inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1] Stathmonotinae Jordan & Evermann 1898b:2347 [ref. 2445] (subfamily) Stathmonotus Neoclinidi Clark Hubbs 1952:52 [ref. 2252] (tribe) Neoclinus [name only, but used as valid by Clark Hubbs 1953:12 [ref. 12698] and by Lindberg & Krasyukova 1975:27 [ref. 7348] Article 13.2.1] GENUS Acanthemblemaria Metzelaar, 1919 - blennies [=Acanthemblemaria Metzelaar [J.] 1919:159, Paremblemaria Longley [W. H.] 1927:222] Notes: [ref. 2982]. Fem. Acanthemblemaria spinosa Metzelaar 1919. Type by monotypy. Also appeared as new in Metzelaar 1922:141 [ref. 5741]. •Valid as Acanthemblemaria Metzelaar 1919 -- (Stephens 1963:27 [ref. 4270], Smith-Vaniz & Palacio 1974 [ref. 7151], Greenfield & Johnson 1981:51 [ref. 5580], Acero P. 1984:29 [ref. 5534], Rosenblatt & McCosker 1988 [ref. 6383], Johnson & Brothers 1989 [ref. 13532], Hastings 1990:725 [ref. 22888], Almany & Baldwin 1996:419 [ref. 22526], Hastings & Robertson 1999:107 [ref. 23826], Williams 2003:1763 [ref. 27109], Garrido & Varela 2008:29 [ref. 29606], Hastings & Springer 2009:12 [ref. 30391], Hastings 2009:101 [ref. 30397], Lin & Galland 2010:51 [ref. 30871], Lobel & Lobel 2011:50 [ref. 31774], Lin & Hastings 2013:3 [ref. 33286]). Current status: Valid as Acanthemblemaria Metzelaar 1919. Chaenopsidae. (Paremblemaria) [ref. 5630]. Fem. Paremblemaria aspera Longley 1927. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Acanthemblemaria Metzelaar 1919 -- (Stephens 1963:27 [ref. 4270]). •Synonym of Acanthemblemaria Metzelaar 1919, but a valid subgenus Paremblemaria -- (Acero P. 1984:41 [ref. 5534]). Current status: Synonym of Acanthemblemaria Metzelaar 1919. Chaenopsidae. Species Acanthemblemaria aspera (Longley, 1927) [=Paremblemaria aspera Longley [W. H.] 1927:224, Acanthemblemaria arborescens Beebe [W.] & Tee-Van [J.] 1928:244, Fig., Paremblemaria erythrops Fowler [H. W.] 1941:101, Figs. 14-15] Notes: [Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book No. 26; ref. 5630] Tortugas, Florida, U.S.A., western Atlantic. Current status: Valid as Acanthemblemaria aspera (Longley 1927). Chaenopsidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (arborescens) [Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society v. 10 (no. 1); ref. 15836] Lamentin Reef, Port-au-Prince Bay, Haiti, West Indies. Current status: Synonym of Acanthemblemaria aspera (Longley 1927). Chaenopsidae. Habitat: marine. (erythrops) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 93; ref. 13237] Off Miami Beach, Florida, U.S.A., depth 8.5 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Acanthemblemaria aspera (Longley 1927). Chaenopsidae. Habitat: marine. Species Ancanthemblemaria atrata Hastings & Robertson, 1999 [=Acanthemblemaria atrata Hastings [P. A.] & Robertson [D. R.] 1999:111, Figs. 24-29] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 25 (nos 3-4) (for 1998); ref. 23826] Chatham Bay, Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. Current status: Valid as Acanthemblemaria atrata Hastings & Robertson 1999. Chaenopsidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine. Species Acanthemblemaria balanorum Brock, 1940 [=Acanthemblemaria balanorum Brock [V. E.] 1940:30] Notes: [Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 13593] Cape San Lucas, Baja California, depth 3-4 feet. Current status: Valid as Acanthemblemaria balanorum Brock 1940. Chaenopsidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine. Species Acanthemblemaria betinensis Smith-Vaniz & Palacio, 1974 [=Acanthemblemaria betinensis Smith-Vaniz [W. F.] & Palacio [F. J.] 1974:209, Figs. 2a-b, 4d, 6d, 8d, 9b, 11,12] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 125; ref. 7151] Seaward side of Tierra Bomba Island, Cartagena, Colombia, depth 15 meters. Current status: Valid as Acanthemblemaria betinensis Smith-Vaniz & Palacio 1974. Chaenopsidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. Species Acanthemblemaria castroi Stephens & Hobson, in Stephens et al., 1966 [=Acanthemblemaria castroi Stephens [J. S., Jr.] & Hobson [E. S.] in Stephens, Hobson & Johnson 1966:426, Fig. 2] Notes: [Copeia 1966 (no. 3); ref. 9071] Barrington Island, Galápagos Islands. Current status: Valid as Acanthemblemaria castroi Stephens & Hobson 1966. Chaenopsidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Galápagos Islands. Habitat: marine. Species Acanthemblemaria chaplini Bohlke, 1957 [=Acanthemblemaria chaplini Böhlke [J. E.] 1957:37, Pl. 2 (fig. 1), Acanthemblemaria cubana Garrido [O. H.] & Varela [C.] 2008:33, Figs. 1B, 2-4A, 4C] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 109; ref. 12133] Off Long Cay, Bahamas, 25°05'51"N, 77°24'18"W (longitude not corrected, from U.S.H.O. chart 1377, Nov. 1936). Current status: Valid as Acanthemblemaria chaplini Böhlke 1957. Chaenopsidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (cubana) [Solenodon No. 7; ref. 29606] Monte Barreto entre las calles 70 y 60, municipio Playa, provincia Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba, depth 3 meters. Current status: Synonym of Acanthemblemaria chaplini Böhlke 1957. Chaenopsidae. Distribution: Cuba (if valid). Habitat: marine. Species Acanthemblemaria crockeri Beebe & Tee-Van, 1938 [=Acanthemblemaria crockeri Beebe [W.] & Tee-Van [J.] 1938:310, Fig. 5] Notes: [Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society v. 23 (pt 3, no. 15); ref. 249] San Lucas Bay, Baja California, Mexico, depth 3.5 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Acanthemblemaria crockeri Beebe & Tee-Van 1938. Chaenopsidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine. Species Acanthemblemaria exilispinus Stephens, 1963 [=Acanthemblemaria exilispinus Stephens [J. S., Jr.] 1963:36, Pl. 5 (fig. 2)] Notes: [University of California Publications in Zoology v. 68; ref. 4270] Bahía Hondo, Panama. Current status: Valid as Acanthemblemaria exilispinus Stephens 1963. Chaenopsidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine. Species Acanthemblemaria greenfieldi Smith-Vaniz & Palacio, 1974 [=Acanthemblemaria greenfieldi Smith-Vaniz [W. F.] & Palacio [F. J.] 1974:210, Figs. 2c-d, 5a, 6e, 7e, 8e, 9c,13] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 125; ref. 7151] Caribbean Sea between Crab Cay and "Three Brothers," Providencia Island, Colombia, depth 3 meters. Current status: Valid as Acanthemblemaria greenfieldi Smith-Vaniz & Palacio 1974. Chaenopsidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. Species Acanthemblemaria hancocki Myers, & Reid, 1936 [=Acanthemblemaria hancocki Myers [G. S.] & Reid [E. D.] 1936:7, Acanthemblemaria askoy Nichols [J. T.] & Murphy [R. C.] 1944:255, Fig. 5, Acanthemblemaria rubraurea Fowler [H. W.] 1944:292, Fig. 254] Notes: [Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition 1932-40, Los Angeles v. 2 (no. 2); ref. 13727] Outer side of smaller, most western island, Secas Islands, (Pacific) Panama. Current status: Valid as Acanthemblemaria hancocki Myers & Reid 1936. Chaenopsidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine. (askoy) [Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History v. 83 (art. 4); ref. 3189] La Plata Island, Ecuador. Current status: Synonym of Acanthemblemaria hancocki Myers & Reid 1936. Chaenopsidae. Habitat: marine. (rubraurea) [Monographs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia No. 6; ref. 1448] Saboga, Perlas Islands, (Pacific) Panama. Current status: Synonym of Acanthemblemaria hancocki Myers & Reid 1936. Chaenopsidae. Habitat: marine. Species Acanthemblemaria harpeza Williams, 2002 [=Acanthemblemaria harpeza Williams [J. T.] 2002:13, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 26522] Shore at undercut of island at Northwest Point, Navassa Island, 18°25'N, 75°01'W, depth 0-4.5 meters. Current status: Valid as Acanthemblemaria harpeza Williams 2002. Chaenopsidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Navassa Island, Caribbean Sea. Habitat: marine. Species Acanthemblemaria hastingsi Lin & Galland, 2010 [=Acanthemblemaria hastingsi Lin [H.-C.] & Galland [G. R.] 2010:55, Figs. 3-4] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2525; ref. 30871] Canal San Jose, 24°60'N, 110°46'W, Gulf of California, Mexico, depth 3 meters. Current status: Valid as Acanthemblemaria hastingsi Lin & Galland 2010. Chaenopsidae. Distribution: Gulf of California. Habitat: marine. Species Acanthemblemaria johnsoni Almany & Baldwin, 1996 [=Acanthemblemaria johnsoni Almany [G. R.] & Baldwin [C. C.] 1996:420, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 109 (no. 3); ref. 22526] Reef north of Charlotteville, east side of North Point, Tobago, depth 4.5-12 meters. Current status: Valid as Acanthemblemaria johnsoni Almany & Baldwin 1996. Chaenopsidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Tobago, Caribbean Sea. Habitat: marine. Species Acanthemblemaria macrospilus Brock, 1940 [=Acanthemblemaria hancocki macrospilus Brock [V. E.] 1940:32] Notes: [Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 13593] Magdalena Island, Tres Marias group, off western coast of Mexico, depth 30 feet. Current status: Valid as Acanthemblemaria macrospilus Brock 1940. Chaenopsidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine. Species Acanthemblemaria mangognatha Hastings & Robertson, 1999 [=Acanthemblemaria mangognatha Hastings [P. A.] & Robertson [D. R.] 1999:115, Figs. 30-35] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie