Localization Training: Towards an Industry-based Requirements’ Gathering Model A dissertation submitted To Kent State University in partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Loubna Bilali August 2018 © Copyright All Rights Reserved Except for previously published materials Dissertation written by Loubna Bilali B.A., Chouaib Doukkali University – El-Jadida, Morocco, 2006 M.A., Chouaib Doukkali University – El-Jadida, Morocco, 2008 M.A., Kent State University – Kent, OH, USA, 2010 Ph.D., Kent State University – Kent, OH, USA, 2018 Approved by _______________________________, Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Keiran Dunne _______________________________, Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Greg Shreve _______________________________ R. Kelly Washbourne _______________________________ Erica Eckert _______________________________ Andrew Barnes Accepted by _______________________________, Chair, Department of Modern & Classical Language Studies Keiran Dunne _______________________________, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences James L. Blank Table of Contents Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................. vii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ x Dedication ................................................................................................................................................... xii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 1. Why Training in Localization? ......................................................................................................... 2 2. The Research Problem ...................................................................................................................... 4 3. Research Questions ........................................................................................................................... 6 4. Significance of the Study .................................................................................................................. 7 5. Structure of the Study ....................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2: Literature Review ...................................................................................................................... 10 1. Overview of Localization................................................................................................................ 11 a. Historical milestones: Emergence and evolution. ....................................................................... 11 b. Localization scope. ..................................................................................................................... 14 2. Localization and Translation in the Context of GILT ..................................................................... 17 a. Localization as a profession. ....................................................................................................... 22 3. Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................................... 24 a. Training versus education (or the vocational versus the academic). ........................................... 24 b. Curriculum versus pedagogy (or the “how” vs. the “what”)....................................................... 31 c. Curriculum models in translation and interpreting. .................................................................... 33 d. Translation pedagogy models. .................................................................................................... 40 iii e. Skill, competence and expertise. ................................................................................................. 45 f. Competence models. ................................................................................................................... 46 Chapter 3: Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 56 1. Method ............................................................................................................................................ 57 2. Documentary Research Description and Procedure ........................................................................ 59 3. Questionnaire Description and Procedure ....................................................................................... 65 a. Participant selection and description. .......................................................................................... 65 b. Questionnaire design. .................................................................................................................. 67 c. Data collection. ........................................................................................................................... 69 d. Data analysis. .............................................................................................................................. 70 4. Semi-structured Interview Description and Procedure ................................................................... 71 Chapter 4: Results ....................................................................................................................................... 74 1. Documentary Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 74 a. Corpus analysis – job descriptions. ............................................................................................. 74 b. Corpus analysis – Program and course descriptions. .................................................................. 83 2. Questionnaire Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 89 a. Stakeholder 1: Employers ........................................................................................................... 89 b. Stakeholder 2: Instructors ......................................................................................................... 103 c. Stakeholder 3: Practitioners ...................................................................................................... 120 3. Semi-structured Interview Analysis .................................................................................................. 137 iv a. Interviewing employers............................................................................................................. 137 b. Interviewing instructors ............................................................................................................ 141 c. Interviewing practitioners. ........................................................................................................ 147 Chapter 5: Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 152 1. Industry Needs in Localization ......................................................................................................... 155 a. Job descriptions’ perspective: What do the job descriptions say? ............................................ 155 b. Employers’ perspective: What do employers say? ................................................................... 161 c. Practitioners’ perspective: What do practitioners say? ............................................................. 167 2. Assessment of Current Localization Training Opportunities ............................................................ 171 a. Analysis of localization training opportunities: What do localization programs have to offer? 171 b. Instructors’ assessment of training: What do instructors say? .................................................. 176 3. Divergence and Convergence: Is There a Gap? ................................................................................ 183 a. How does the industry perceive localization training? ............................................................. 183 b. How does academia perceive localization training? ................................................................. 187 4. Moving forward (How to Improve on Training) ............................................................................... 189 a. Industry talk. ............................................................................................................................. 189 b. Academia talk ........................................................................................................................... 192 Chapter 6: Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 197 v 1. Summary of the Study .................................................................................................................