High Speed Three (HS3) Feasibility Report Group 1 Manuel Mesquita Guimarães, Daniel Mitchell, Ahmad Rosli, Juin-Lun Tai, Clare Tracey, Thomas Wallace 14 th January 2011 Group 1 Feasibility Report High Speed 3 Table of Contents Executive Summary........................................................................................................................vii Glossary of Terms ...........................................................................................................................ix 1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................1-1 1.1 Interpretation of the Brief.............................................................................................1-1 1.2 Aims and Objectives ....................................................................................................1-2 1.3 Situation and Context...................................................................................................1-3 1.3.1 The State of the Nation............................................................................................1-3 1.3.2 High Speed Travel in the UK ..................................................................................1-4 1.3.3 High Speed 3............................................................................................................1-5 2 System Selection...................................................................................................................2-6 2.1 Overview......................................................................................................................2-6 2.2 The Case for Wheel on Rail.........................................................................................2-7 2.3 The Case for Maglev....................................................................................................2-9 2.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................2-11 3 Train Set and Stock.............................................................................................................3-13 3.1 Governing Specification ............................................................................................3-13 3.1.1 Maglev Development.............................................................................................3-13 3.1.2 Weight Effects .......................................................................................................3-14 3.1.3 Operational Tolerances..........................................................................................3-14 3.2 Aerodynamic Design..................................................................................................3-15 3.2.1 Energy Usage.........................................................................................................3-15 3.2.2 Relative Area Minimisation...................................................................................3-16 3.2.3 Minimising the drag coefficient.............................................................................3-17 3.2.4 Energy Efficiency..................................................................................................3-19 3.2.5 Aerodynamics in Tunnelling .................................................................................3-19 3.3 Propulsion ..................................................................................................................3-21 3.3.1 Electrodynamic suspension ...................................................................................3-21 3.3.2 Electromagnetic suspension...................................................................................3-22 3.3.3 Evaluation..............................................................................................................3-23 3.3.4 Conclusion.............................................................................................................3-24 3.4 Reliability and Maintenance ......................................................................................3-24 3.4.1 Design Life ............................................................................................................3-24 3.4.2 Design life indicators.............................................................................................3-25 3.4.3 Maintenance Schemes ...........................................................................................3-26 3.4.4 Maglev Design Life Projection..............................................................................3-27 i Group 1 Feasibility Report High Speed 3 3.5 Passenger Comfort and Service .................................................................................3-27 3.5.1 Noise and Vibration...............................................................................................3-28 3.5.2 Pressure (Entering tunnel) .....................................................................................3-29 3.5.3 Acceleration and deceleration................................................................................3-30 3.5.4 Thermal Comfort ...................................................................................................3-30 3.5.5 Conclusion.............................................................................................................3-31 3.6 Collision Safety..........................................................................................................3-32 3.6.1 Crashworthiness.....................................................................................................3-33 3.6.2 Material of the crash elements...............................................................................3-34 3.6.3 Passenger seat arrangement ...................................................................................3-35 3.6.4 Conclusion.............................................................................................................3-35 3.7 Public Perception .......................................................................................................3-36 3.7.1 Conclusion.............................................................................................................3-37 3.8 Electromagnetic Compatibility ..................................................................................3-38 3.9 Freight Options ..........................................................................................................3-39 3.9.1 Without Alteration.................................................................................................3-40 3.9.2 With Alteration......................................................................................................3-40 3.9.3 Conclusion.............................................................................................................3-41 4 Stations and Route ..............................................................................................................4-42 4.1.1 Set Capabilities ......................................................................................................4-42 4.1.2 Journey Time Model..............................................................................................4-45 4.2 City Stations...............................................................................................................4-48 4.2.1 Design Strategy Overview.....................................................................................4-48 4.2.2 London...................................................................................................................4-49 4.2.3 Birmingham ...........................................................................................................4-51 4.2.4 Manchester.............................................................................................................4-51 4.2.5 Glasgow.................................................................................................................4-54 4.2.6 Summary................................................................................................................4-55 4.3 Inter-city Routes.........................................................................................................4-56 5 Network Infrastructure........................................................................................................5-73 5.1 Guideway Design.......................................................................................................5-73 5.1.1 Track Components.................................................................................................5-73 5.1.2 Structural Section...................................................................................................5-74 5.1.3 Construction...........................................................................................................5-78 5.1.4 Adjustment and Replacement ................................................................................5-80 5.1.5 Conclusions............................................................................................................5-81 5.2 Earthworks and Substructure .....................................................................................5-81 ii Group 1 Feasibility Report High Speed 3 5.2.1 Foundation Design.................................................................................................5-82